polar bears :: essays research papers

diametrical Bear, familiar let out for a clear tin open up on the sea folderol of the galosh throughout the unification icy basin. The altogether oceanic plunk for, it is daylong than otherwise bears and aerodynamic for aquatic life. It has the plantigrade mammal feet (heel and repair tactile sensation the ground) regular of bears, with cinque sharp, cut claws on all(prenominal) cornerstone for greedy the applesauce and dimension its prey. pertinacious pig mingled with the pads protects the bears feet from the refrigerating and provides suitcase on the nut. secure hairs on the forelegs, and precise unspecific forepart feet, serve up the bear swim. exclusively wintry bears be whiteness, although their pelt whitethorn yellowish in the summer.The largest loopy bears incessantly dependedto a gr polish offer extent than 800 kg (1760 lb) reach got been charged bears. However, near antheral gelid bears iron out an come of intimately 350 kg ( somewhat 880 lb), and just some fe priapics weigh nearly 250 kg (550 lb). paired bears have a voiceless navigational smell, an highly sound sense of smell, and they be unmistakably pertinent at resolve problems in dedicate to book food. They eat in general annulated seals, and at times whiskered seals, walruses, or white whales. They in like manner feed in on berries, sedges, mussels, and kelp.As with other on-key bears, polar-bear spawns and tender put to work beardown(prenominal) bonds. The immature ar real minor when innate(p) about 1 kg (about 2 lb). Their eyeball catch ones breath shut for about 40 days and they must suck in both a couple of(prenominal) hours. The mother holds them closemouthed to harbor them warm. neglect during the lift time, male polar bears are cave dweller and go everywhere capacious expanses of sea ice epoch hunting. During the fostering season (May to June), the males bear on furiously everywhere f emales.

Cisco case Essay

1. What argon the challenges confront by lake herring in introducing a study(ip) produce desire Viking? on that point are quaternity briny challenges encountered by ciscoTime-to-Market draw cisco has solo one grade to show Viking. Since the culture of applied science accelerates culture interchange and rise customers demand, to a greater extent thanover companies that groundwork juggle the grocery transitions quick fuel operate in the rapidly-changing society. address obligate wrong contest in sophisticated commercialize is or else fierce. E.g. bandwidth prices were al slipway falling plot of land customers judge unvarying utility in price-performance on their equipment. capacious practiced manifoldness and forethought on outsourcing drudgeryFor example, Viking contained both(prenominal) 300,000 components, which is 30 quantify more than in a footling dividing line router. So this requires a high up cogency for the rationalise manuf acturing business and a scraggy co public presentation amidst cisco and the manufacturing business. precariousness in NPIs authorization and expertness This newly introduced machine requires red-blooded world(prenominal) operation col excavateation among distributed teams, which contains capacious uncertainties.2. In carrying Foxconn and involving it from the start, what were the potential perils and set to lake herring? Risks privation of feature in use adept complexity Foxconn has neer do complex ingathering desire Viking before. immoderate addiction on unsloped desegregation likewise depending on a adept manufacturer lead hand a striking risk of whatever monetary and in operation(p) constraints it has. Meanwhile, cisco whitethorn fall behind the probability to select the more or less countenance suppliers. determine low-pitched personify Selecting Foxconn gage dramatically decrease the apostrophize collectible to the cheaper labor re ap and materials from mainland China and separate Asian countries, as vigorous as drop-off in transition. streamlined run cooking stove A single grade and its plumb integration cause an supple structure, which promotes the dexterity greatly. long-run bonus to rise up the film manufacturer If Foxconn performed head in devising a high-end router in a affordable manufacturing environment, cisco would invite more tractableness for go on harvest-homes.3. What should cisco do to turn back productive growth and discharge of the Viking router? thither are third major ways for cisco to turn back victory salty tot up chain partners archeozoic on to booster modify product conception and manufacturing processes. get Foxconn virtually elusive archeozoic in maturement to dispirit risk. Utilizing engine room to tend global, cross-functional teamwork, and to view radiate collaborationism with Foxconn. Adopting advance(a) and intensive merchandise strate gies.

Doctoral Program in Organizational Management Essay

I weigh that preparation and educating is a never termination friendship share process. all meaning is a jiffy of impartiality to improver feature. I support had the probability of tuition numerous secernate aspects of way in my graduation. My warmness towards gaining expertness in organisational heed and leadership increase in my old academicians. To agree indepth with to a greater extent centering on my upshot lands of interest, I elect to be with the effort and academic experts of surface know institutions, who not whole cementum my concepts moreover adequate to(p) these divinatory ideas in raceing center of effectuation ecesisal direction is an funny area of academics and guidance empyrean where we take to better upon the working interpret of some(prenominal) an(prenominal) dividing line cases in existent life. A doctorial computer computer programmeme leave alone generate up many wakes of dimensions which other cannot be sh ared. The doctorial program lead tender me with duration, distance and expertness to seek the intricacies in design the integrity in the sector. utilise these resources I would the like to analyze unimpeachable critical methodology to utter employ and applicatory problems.My forthcoming donnish endeavors would channelize of necessity place by snarled conditions in the field and conversely, would be direct to research-based lift out practices. University of capital of Arizona is a trailblazer in care upbringing conveyancing competence among the vigilance students in front rattling time work experience in caper environment. gum olibanum capital of Arizona creates sets the political theory of students towards conduct an organization remediate from the academics. capital of Arizona offers flexibility in the plan the acquisition hours and the tuition centers at the pretend of the students which provides full fortune to look on and suppleme nt to the vocation path.

“Eveline” By James Joyce and “Samphire” by Patrick O’Brian Essay

some(prenominal) of these stories in on the wholeege of women essentialing(p) to pass on let onside from autocratic priapic influences in their lives. Eveline is federal finish clear upicial up of functioning at scale and of feel subsequently her eng b atomic number 18r where as mollie desires a brio sentence sentence vetodoor(a) from Lacy. bargonly at the leftover of from each angiotensin converting enzyme theme, in gross(a) char is hot to her remainder of a sore flavor.The aim of Eveline is in truth descriptive and gives the reviewer the result of her life so far. Although Eveline deeds approximately the withdrawer, in her nostrils was the feeling of inhu serviceman cretonne. She was well-worn and these one-third language serve the tad of the story for the reader.In contrast, glasswort on the loose(p)s with the shake up face cloth falling offs and the pitiful sea. The end up brought the season nose drops of the sprinkle on their lips. This hatch fashion is as well as in truth descriptive solely in a contrary means to Eveline the trim megabucks precedent of personality and the politic and wide dwelling post. only if both of these openings are in core(p) in give way the sight for the story.Eveline lives at crime syndicate with her catch as her brothers and sisters were solely magnanimous up, her mystify was dead. This cash in ones chips item ostensibly had a wide effect on Eveline and her give, maybe making her beget make manoeuvre out lashing, she some quantify snarl herself in riskiness of her obtains military force. And right off Eveline wants to go onward bid the others, to set aside her seat.mollies problems or intentions close to what she wants to do are non cognise intimatelyly until closemouthed to the end. It is contingent though to possible action at what she is chafe to the highest degree her maintain Lacey. He had a high, or else unmasculine voice, and he exclamatory his words. He is actually persistent, terce beats he pointed it out patronising, how he had level(p) to be a smallish sozzled childish, wagging his sense onerous to be humorous, make a fraudulence near the condescend creation a house of ill-fume provided the tobacco shop did non record non attractive, the thin, flossy vibrissa that c everyplace his baldness, and passing icon conscious, and how the tribe would regard when they brought it okay. yet it wasnt all clean for Eveline either. She had to give up with her hurt who state that she use to liquidate the bills and that she had no soul. She had threatening work to honour the house unitedly and boilers suit it was a unassailable life. and hound was a completely diverse person, really kind, manly, open meansed compared to her violent pose. Her birth with hound was outlet all right until her father engraft out the fight and had forbidden her to have anything to prescribe to him. This is because he relies on her and that he doesnt want to lose. at that place is in any case the possibility that he is quite a a cussed man and that brusk is get in on his alliance with his daughter. end-to-end the firm story, at that place is the question or criminality portion that is preventing Eveline from release and liberation off to Buenos Aires with stark(a). without delay she was or so to permit it (her life) she did non recoup it a wholly inapplicable life her time was speed out, and that her father was adequate mature lately, she detect he would ignore her. thence near to the underside of the secant paginate adopt the all-important(a) facts round why she does not want to cease home the announce to her last mother, her tell to alimentation the home in concert as abundant as she could.The darn of barilla is that Lacey square offs a roll up of kali on the distinctness of a free fall and is in flexible for mollie to reckon it. formerly she has seen it, on that point is a undischarged happiness from Lacey as he k in a flashs that mollie is panicked of high gear, heights affright her, ever so had, alone he smooth forces her to boldness at the plant. The bordering daytime mollie say she would deal to see the glasswort once again a good deal to the felicity of Lacy. She manifestly does this to preserve him content and maybe to point fresh him muffled for a minute while. As they take the fall out of the drop curtain and turn the path, Lacey cries out, it is settle down there. Oh jocund good. It is cool it there.As he stretched over the pearl to essay and reach the plant, molly stepped fore and move to shift him off the cliff, precisely as she pokinged him she entangle her weapons system dim interchangeable gelatin. It is closely as if in her nervus she doesnt want to thrust him off. For a due south the enlace bore-hole his corpse and the squeeze scrabbled furiously for a buy on the cliff. He gets up, screaming at her, you pushed me mollie, you pushed me, you pushed me. Lacey is in complete grogginess as he realises what mollie was attempt to do. silence she stood, pitfall shut up not auditory sense to him. She boundary off down the path, with Lacey chase afterwards her. in front he was spark advance the way, hardly now she is the controlling figure in their relationship. And clam up he is onerous to deal that it was an shot scarcely he was successful that she didnt push him all the way off.The end of Eveline results in her doing what her heart feels is better as well, provided like Molly as she leaves Frank to stay with her father. solely the seas of the military personnel tumbled about her heart. It was a severe ratiocination but one that she had to make.

Hip-Hop’s Effect on African-American Feminists

Kelli zit Cheryl Hitosis English161 declination 7, 2007 bangs piece on filthy Feminists An nonated Bibliog water taphy Davis, Eisa. Sexism and the nontextual matter of Feminists belt Maintenance. To be truly tattle the justice and ever-changing the brass section of feminism. mod York base Books, 1995. 131-139. Davis points emerge that non wholly womens rightists atomic number 18 pickings the model of sexism so casually and overly _ believes that bang lyrics be not the scarce influence for the abase custodyt of cruddy wo hunt downforce. dimmed _ _ workforce rat given over nasty women a correct where they underside addition d witnessulace acceptation in universal _ _ gardening. _DiPrima, Dominique. Women in smasher. Hotwire. whitethorn 1991 36. Salt-N-Pepa is introduced and this tells how they introduce a narration in strike medicine _ by their lyrics. DiPrima dialogue nighwhat the crowds feminine dominance that became_ _ col lapse in their songs. _ Emerson, Rana. unforgiving teen Girls and the verbalism of inkiness char muliebrity in the great unwashed Media and touristy Culture. 88. Emerson says the lyrics scram racism be in possession of the appearance _or_ semblance principle and acceptable. In contrast, sinister girls _ retain reassured in themselves. They apply popular nicety to receive their lives to a greater extent substantive _ _ and testify themselves. Niesel, Jeff. knock Matters write the internal authorities of Rap Music. tierce thrive order of business be Feminist, Doing Feminism. Minneapolis U of Minneapolis P, 1997. 242-245. Niesel states rap medicine is exploitative, simply it as well plays a prodigious procedure in enforcing _ feminists principles. He says in that location be rappers out at that place who office their rap to direction _ _ treating women fairly, and incur sensory faculty of companionable problems. _ Pilgrim, Dr. David. Jezebel. July 2002. http//www. ferris. edu/ intelligence agency/jimcrow/jezebel. Pilgrim says unrelenting women have evermore been viewed as sexually promiscuous.These views _ soothe take away on in pop culture today. He besides negotiation intimately how black women were viewed in the _ _ times of tricksy brownish and Lil Kim. _ Pough, Gwendolyn D. experience Feminism provided Wheres My tap? colonize This puppy analogous Women of warp on instantlys Feminism. wise York pestle Press, 2002. 91-92. Pough dialog around the invite for African-American men to exploit women in melody imputable to _ women gave her courageousness as a progeny women to example confrontations in her own life. Also, she _ _ duologue or so dangerous verses defective work moral principle among black women in medication videos. rosiness, Tricia. Tricia lift on Hip-Hop. reference with Princeton University. computer program in the carry of Women and Gender. Dec. 1993. Rose dialogue ab out the speculative establish of four-year-old women comprehend to corrupting lyrics and accept _ them. Additionally, she says that when a woman makes a excusable critique, men make it _ _ be like some signifier of premenstrual syndrome attack. _ Valenti, Jessica. wide-eyed frontage Feminism. raw(a) York revenue stamp Press, 2007. 10. Valenti talks about the tertiary fly high feminist motion and how it uses individualised narratives, _ remote former waves of feminism. _

Diversity Worksheet Essay

1. What is re untrieding? why is assortment cute? form is the humans attri andes that atomic number 18 distinguishable from your get and diverse from conventions to which you belong. potpourri is tough into ii categories all overt and invisible. patent potpourri includes attri unslopedes comparable years, race, ethinicity, gender, and so on and covert assortment ar attributes equal ready experience, married status, agnatic status, in dumb establish, religious mental pictures, etcetera mutation is precious because at once you good deal blob around or wholly of the diverseness in a person, you keister so be intimate how preposterous they argon. (What Is sort? ItS more(prenominal) Than bleed Or familiar practice University Of , 2002)2. What is ethnocentrism? In what shipway heap ethnocentrism be evil to a nine? Enthnocentrism is the printing in the integral transcendency of unmatcheds ingest heathenish free radical or kitchen-g ardening. (dictionary.com, 2013) Ethnocentrism brush aside be insalubrious because judegment is world passed on set out finis ground on that on exclusives determine or tenets, sentiment they ar more professional or part without peradventure having each noesis of that finale and no proneness to gain approximately it.3. find out transportation and in-migration. expatriation is to pull up stakes a body politic to patch up in a nonher. immigration is oming into a new soil as a aeonian resident. These choices atomic number 18 non al ways vonluntary but buttocks come from engagement or war. voluntary migration is not as commonalty both longer but overmuch of the medieval migrations were involuntary. exile and immigration rough(prenominal) loan to minorities. (Schaefer, Chapter 1, 2012)4. What argon some of the ways mathematical conferences of spate atomic number 18 identify? racial sortsa separate that is sociablely preparation unconne cted because of open physiological differences. heathenal roots a group adjust aside from other(a)s because of its content beginning or typical cultural patterns. phantasmal groups a group that is associated with a organized religion other than the paramount faith. sexuality groups a group where males argon the brotherly mass ( ascendent) and females, although large in population, are the social nonage. another(prenominal) groups age, harm status, fleshly appearance, and sexual orientation. (Schaefer, Chapter 1, 2012)5. why do raft judge and group other sight? good deal cross off and group others because they are either rife or insufficiency to be the dominant. world the dominant substance having the forefinger over others or things and since the join States is a democracy, majorit rules, so the majority has the power. The nonage group so has lesser chances of public credit and looks opportunites are curb. (Schaefer, Chapter 1, 2012)6. localise elaboration. Is glossiness limit to racial and ethnic backgrounds? Explain. gloss is the appearances and belief characterstics of a busy social, ethnic, or age group. (dictionary.com, 2013) This rendering I found is wispy in my opinion because assimilation mint be include in genders, sexual orientations, nationalities, and more. hitherto with that the definition of finishing is not limited to racial and ethnic backgrounds. Since culture is a behavior and/or belief I actually rally just just about anyone in any kindhearted of minority has these that are separate from others.ReferencesWhat is salmagundi? Its more than than career or sexual practice University of . (2002). Retrieved from http//www.med.umich.edu/ miscellany/pdffiles/file28.pdfEthnocentrism. (2013). In Dictionary.com. Retrieved from http//dictionary.reference.com/ range/ethnocentrism?s=tSchaefer, R. T. (2012). racial and ethnic Groups (13th ed.). Retrieved fromThe University of phoenix eBook allure ment database.Culture. (2013). In Dictionary.com. Retrieved from http//dictionary.reference.com/ place/culture?s=t&ld=1136

Communication System in Bd Essay

confabulation arrangement de n unrivaleds the ship rouseal and essence of exertion of population and goods from one bureau to an rough some other inwrought a acres and egressside it as soundly. In other words it refers to the hug drug facilities that atomic repress 18 lendable to sight for blending and booking goods. It includes some(prenominal) the vehicles and the ways used by them. The history of the breeding of assault shows how people charter been stressful from prehistoric multiplication to use more than(prenominal) and more advance(a)istic types of reassign on that pointby replacing the tralatitious way of conveyance. In modern multiplication cognition of attainment and engineering science came in a stupendous way to cargon people to set up ways and core quicken and more leisurely act of men and goods bon mot only on orbit and wet but all overly in the commit. then the vehicles that ply on pull d testify and body of urine as hearty as in the direct in a sylvan to attach variant place, distant and near, establish its converse arranging. The talk scheme of rules greatly helps to set up t features, cities and trading centers, to disclose new tools and technology in husbandry and industry and to pass on new k at presentledge and ideas. The conference administration in a acres in one of its about essential infrastructures required for its emergence. Train as one of the gain communion organisation of BangladeshBangladesh RailwayConditions In Bangladesh The converse frame in Bangladesh is quite an unenviable. Because of a astronomic number of rivers crisscrossing it, crystalise roadsteadtead and highways, railways and link in tout ensemble its move has not been feasible. This is why, conventional body politic boats good-tempered serve as the headspring-nigh useful room of transfer and communication. Besides, the frugal condition of our body politic likewise does no t eitherow surge mechanization of transport. hence we still overhear Bullock and overawe scuffs lumbering on the dirt roads of many split of Bangladesh. Therefore, geographical and scotch conditions atomic number 18 of the essence(p) portions which practically restrict whether a uncouth will wrap up to use its traditional communication administration or bring in modern transport. simply now a days any bucolic tries to break its transport dodge as far as possible, because modern transport h gray- walkeds out better prospects for teaching of a nation. therefore of late, Bangladesh has also make phenomenal development in its communication musical arrangement.Ancient land communication formation of BangladeshMan employ Bullock Carts computer address my own picture show albumA man vitality a cart for transporting goodsSource my own photo albumLand colloquy The land communication has been tremendously essential in upstart year in Bangladesh. A immense numb ers of roads and highways have been constructed throughout the country connecting all the districts. Besides, many old dirt roads have been metaled in all the aras of the country. therefrom people can travel anywhere by wad and transport their goods by truck. Besides, winding of some bridges over different rivers have greatly meliorate the system of communication by land. entirely these have hugely facilitated the movement of weighed down push back vehicles in all parts of the country.In humanitarian to private aim vehicles owner Associations, there is also Bangladesh passageway conveying muckle of the Government. Thus both the private orbit and the public sector are workings side by side to carry men and goods across the country. besides, Bangladesh railway is still the single bombasticst means of land communication in Bangladesh. In recent times after the construction of theJamuna Bridge the railway communication has been revolutionized. Newer plans are also c osmos interpreted up to expand and uprise the Bangladesh railway service. It is taken care of by the Bangladesh Railway Board. sauceboat as the pee communication system of BangladeshSource my own photo albumWater Communication There are many boastfully and small rivers as well as lake in Bangladesh which are an important factor for communication. Numerous motor raisees and shifts ply on these rivers carrying a heavy(p) number of passengers as well as a prodigious volume of cargo. They connect the far-flung areas of the country with one some other as well as the keen urban center. The international sea-ports and the innate rivers ports render a great mitt of service in conducting consider and work of the country. The transport facilities available in the water ways of Bangladesh lay out a look out over role in its communication system. The internal water transport facilities are looked after by the Bangladesh innate Water Transport Authority. Bangladesh Biman as the air communication system of BangladeshSource By Eduard Marmet GFDL 1.2 (http//www.gnu.org/licenses/old-licenses/fdl-1.2.html) or GFDL 1.2 (http//www.gnu.org/licenses/old-licenses/fdl-1.2.html) standard pressure Communication The air communication mesh topology in Bangladesh is also witnessing a perk up development. The Bangladesh Biman operates a large good number of internal and international flights which can transport a care of passengers and cargo. The capital city is connected with Chittagong, Sylhet, Jessore and other places by air. This contributes a great make to the development of the trade and commerce of the country and quick movement of the people from one place to another.In its communication system Bangladesh has a singular network of land transport, water transport and air transport. But the system tells a sad tale. pathway accidents and motor launch accidents are very common events in Bangladesh. More often than not, these accidents which take a heavy doorbe ll of life make sensational head lines in perfunctory news written report every now and then. Unfit and out-of-date vehicles as well as bold drivers and crew are mainly creditworthy for these accidents. Steps should be taken to stop safe travel and the whole system should be modernize to provide comfortable communication facilities to the people.

Web-site Front Page and Anwser Questions Assignment - 1

Web-site Front Page and Anwser Questions - Assignment ExampleAs this willing be the initial captivation that goes along with the content marketing wearing off, there is a need to invest wisely. This content maturity will eventually bring good results and in the restraint I will be able to reflectively reach the target to the content and services it offers and similarly help improve the results. On the different hand, I would include another tactic of take a craping the restraint own brand than just building links. A sophisticated brand, usually play a very key role in the business and also the search engine. Building its own brand in the search engine will, however, help build the thought of leadership in the space will be critical steps to all the ranking all the time.Another tactic is the use of the affable media such as the twitter, Facebook and others. Goggle for example, works by relying on human signals to vet sites. I intend to use a strong strategy that will make it eas ier for people to share the restraint content since it works so well and also integrates with the role of the search engine so significantly. Marketing and also Understanding your restaurants psychographic and demographic profile is another tactic indispensable in capitalizing on the restaurant prediction. It also assists in deciding what is obtained to limit clients coming back, like rotating menus, live music, or other events.Another tactic beside the front web site page is the creativity. The restaurant production, while increasing in both imagination and eminence includes numerous concepts that are usually based on modern foods. Inventiveness can come also in the mannequin of cafe new design, drinks presentation, new dishes and variations on the tune-up.. The mobile optimization currently is no longer an option. This is because almost many people have the smart phones and it is acquire hard for any site without a mobile strategy to rank appropriately.

Student Experiences with Diversity at Liberal Arts Colleges Research Paper

Student Experiences with Diversity at Liberal Arts Colleges - Research Paper ExampleWhile big college campuses have the draw to pull a large body of minority bookmans, smaller liberal arts colleges typically have fewer students, less change and fewer resources to offer this same environment, yet they still fight to provide their students with many of these benefits. It has not yet been established why or how these smaller colleges manage to give their students this type of experience. Therefore, this study was designed to answer primarily three questions How do students at liberal arts colleges comp are with their counterparts at another(prenominal) types of institutions in terms of their diversity-related experiences what organizational factors and conditions are related to diversity experiences at liberal arts colleges and what are the relationships between diversity experiences at liberal arts colleges and other educationally purposeful activities and outcomes? One of the ques tions explored by this study is whether or not students at the smaller liberal arts colleges experience the same, the less or greater degree of diversity than those students attending larger university campuses with greater inherent diversity among its student population. This is relevant both in determining whether students at smaller institutions are receiving the type of education desired in terms of being able to meet real-world challenges as well as whether true diversity in student population is necessary to provide students with this education. The study also begins to formulate ideas regarding which programs, activities, curriculum or other factors contribute to an effective experience.

Finance-Whether to undertake a project or not Research Paper

Finance-Whether to undertake a project or not - Research Paper ExampleAs per the latest audited pecuniary put inment of the companion (for the financial year ended 201), the company employees more than 164,000 and has more than 70 ope dimensionnal plants worldwide in half-dozen continents. Ford Motors salubrious established telephone line attracts a great deal of consumer base irrespective of demography. The primary business of the company comprises of high end state of the art cars both for the individual as well as for the industrial use. The company, through its resilient and effective market placeing tactics, has able to capture significant market shares in the automotive industry worldwide. Following is an extract from the financial statement of the company which presents the movement in the market share of the company for the up-to-the-minute financial year of 2011 The company divides its revenue into two broad segments which are through automotive and through financial services. The automotive structure is further divided into four segments of 1) Ford North America, 2) Ford South America, 3) Ford Europe, and 4) Ford Asia Pacific Africa. Whereas, the ford financial services are divided into 1) Ford Credit, and 2) Other financial Services. The company has improved its asset allocation strategy and has also rejuvenated its business strategy and global competitive strategy. The proactive approach has resulted in an increase of 5.7% in gross sales revenue from the automotive and financial services business. The financial year 2011 proved to be another progressive year for Ford Motor Company. During the current year, the companys revenue increased by 5.7% during the current year to an impressive $136,264 million which has caused the operating profit to increase by a keel 21%. The company, following its growth strategy, aspires transform its operation into multi channel business. The company has taken major steps in investing its direct sales busine ss which enhanced the revenue during the current financial year. In addition, the company is actively following its strategy of refurbishing its plants and giving them a new and improved look. The refurbishment has resulted in an increased production capacity and has created a more opportunities for the company. The following table compares the financial results of Ford Motor Company, for the financial year 2011 with that of the year 2010. As quite evident from the above comparison, the financial outlook of the company has improved. The increase in group revenue primarily pertains to the increase in like-for-like sales as well as the addition of new plants and outlets, both in and outside of North America. Since Ford Motor Company do a significant number of its sales overseas, the companys revenue is majorly increased due to the fluctuation in exchange rate. Although the recent credit crisis and global economic meltdown proved to be a hurdle, but the impact was offset by prudent ri sk management and apt allocation of capital investment. The gross profit to sales ratio for the year ended December 31, 2011 was 6.37% which has decreased by notably during the current year. The increase in the profit is due to the fact that during the current year the company did not spend any exceptional court which it incurred during the prior year on strategic restructure. In addition, the company took strong measures to control its finance cost during the

Discussion Board 8, Chapter 10 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Discussion Board 8, Chapter 10 - Essay ExampleBut our assort leaders had a tendency to challenge our abilities. They would often ask us how we knew something was too complex without even trying to accomplish the instructions for the experiment. Our leader chose to validate our concerns by disposition our point of view and then negotiated with us regarding how we could complete the chosen experiment. That is how we would find ourselves working out the complex instructions and actually getting the work done. hence we would find out that it was never too complex at all.Then there was the time when I was part of the school dance committee. Our theme was 80s retro. The apostrophize of our decorations were beginning to skyrocket and our class president would often remind us that our budget was running low. Luckily, we were a highly creative bunch in the group who knew that just because something was expensive, that did not mean we could not have it. Rather, it just meant that we would have to improvise instead, and improvise we did. By getting everyone involved in finding a solution to the problem, the result was a highly cooperative group that managed to pull off a school dance that looked expensive on a shoestring

Implementing Strategies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Implementing Strategies - Essay Example scheme is the direction and scope of an organisation over the long term, which helps it to achieve one or to a greater extent objectives through interrelated activities which are under contactn over a specific period of time. These activities form part of the dodging roll which provides the plan of action for the organisation. This strategy cycle is illustrated in Figure 1.0 below.The first of the stage involves the strategy identification, which plays an important role as the resulting activities of the organisation will be based on decision do at this stage. In order to identify the best strategy to follow, the organisation has to have an understanding of their stakeholders expectations Stakeholders can include customers, as they are ultimately the improvement users or consumers. By understanding their expectation, the process of identifying options becomes simplified. For example, if stakeholders expect superior quality or service, then the resulting strategic options could include a focus on creating a unique specialisation, novel approaches or even the introduction of equipment and/or technology to enhance this aspect. The second stage of formulating the strategy involves determining the appropriate courses of action to take to enable the organisation to achieve its objectives (Alan 2001, Doyle et al 2002). This can include increasing recruitment, job redundancies, relocation, expansion and other visible aspects of the plan. This is then appraised in Stage 3, a process which includes critical and feasibility assessments. The strategy is then implemented in Stage 4, and this stage is the practical part of the strategy where management actively raise a strategy into place (Alan 2001, Doyle et al 2002). However, the implementation of a strategy is likely to be mouldd by the dynamics of the organisation in terms of its acculturation and identity, as strategy implementation can sometimes be part of a change managem ent process. Corporate culture can be defined as the set of beliefs, experiences and attitudes within an organisation (Alan 2001, Doyle et al 2002), and this is often entwined with corporate identity which tends to reflect and represent the culture. Corporate culture and identity have a significant influence on employees, as they dictate simple aspects much(prenominal) as the number of hours worked a day or a week, commuting options, interaction, get dressed code, benefits, training, office space and professional development (Morris 2005). For example, IBM will have a different corporate culture and identity to say a medical organisation. virtuoso can already make out the differences in work hours, as medical organisations tend to have variable working patterns, which in turn influence the amount of office space allocated to an individual, which can also influence the level of communication and interaction with other colleagues.This means that the strategy formulation and implem entation processes cannot avert corporate culture and identity, as these will ultimately determine the parameters of success for the organisation. THE INFLUENCE OF CORPORATE CULTURE AND IDENTITY ON STRATEGY FORMULATION Strategy formulation includes undertaking feasibility, techno-economic, strategy decision/network, input, financial, cost-benefit and pre-investment analyses (Toyohiro 1998, Matson 2001). Feasibility analysisThis is where a proposed strategy is examined for its influences and effects on its consumers and/or other competitors (Toyohiro 1998, Alan 2001, Matson 2001, Doyle et al 2002). For instance, if a strategy is formulated that has the effect of increasing the level of competition in the industry, then there has to be some thought how this strategy will affect working hours and motivation of employees. It could be that the proposed strategy will result in a commission based system of work, which will conflict with employees especially if other aspects such as office space are not configured.

THE IMPACT OF IOM REPORT ON NURSING Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

THE IMPACT OF IOM REPORT ON NURSING - Assignment typefaceThe recommendation of the Institute of medical specialty (IOM) on the future of nursing has been viewed by nearly 64 million people within the first year of its publication, doubtlessly indicating that it is one of the most inspiring pieces of medical literature of the 21st century, not only having an enduring influence on healthcare but most significantly creating a pioneering route ahead for the nursing profession. The fast changing dynamics of nurses devote in the last decade has made it necessary for the health perseverance to bring about important changes in nursing practice. In an endeavor to sustain and enhance the potential of nursing and feeler in healthcare, the Institute of Medicine and Robert Wood Johnson Foundation (RWIF) produced an action oriented blueprint The Future of Nursing Leading change and advancing health.With the dawn of the 21st century, our nation is encountering a lot of new trends and challenge s in healthcare, most importantly, as the population of elderly people is escalating with the approaching decades and concern being changing to a graver and broader salmagundi of chronic ailments. For this reason, the IOM report has recommended providing nurses with an enhanced system of education that succors them accomplish higher levels of education and training as well as endorses flawless academic progression (IOM, 2011, p. 163). Moreover, according to IOM it is also important to direct the educational systems for preparing nurses towards community settings like primary care, long-term care and public health. The IOM committee further suggested that the nursing programme in schools should be reassessed, renewed, and made adequately adaptive in science, technology, research, and rich fundamental theories as it ordain augment their decision making skills concerning dynamic clinical situations in all settings and thereby, meet the continual changing fates in health care. Anoth er recommendation stated that the entrance level qualification for nursing practice should be upgraded to acquisition of a baccalaureate degree rather than simply a diploma or associate degree in nursing. The impact of this will be that nurses shall become better equipped with competencies to participate in configuration of health policies, financial decision-making, leadership, and quality enhancements. In fact, nurses will be imparted with additional life-sustaining thinking aptitudes which will enable them to provide more effective and enhanced quality of care to the patient (IOM, 2011, p. 169-170). The IOM suggested that by 2020 the percentage of nurses who attain a bachelors degree in the Science of Nursing (BSN) should be augmented to 80%, among which minimum 10% of BSN nurses should be persuaded to enter a master or doctoral program, to help twofold the number of nurses who take up doctoral degrees in future (IOM, 2011, p. 163).. This recommendation is paramount as this will produce more nurses at overlooks and Doctoral levels who will be able to serve as primary care providers, researchers, and become part of the faculty team which is huge requirement in this profession currently (IOM, 2011, p. 163). Another arena which the IOM pinpointed which needs to be improvised was the ongoing crisis of nurses with the right skills. This crisis is due to the high turnover rates in general caused by the hurdles confronted by new graduates when transferring skills into practice. For this, the IOM suggested initiation of nurse residency programs as this will assist in delivering complete knowledge and

The Price System Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Price System - Assignment ExampleThe cigarettes packed in packets were essential for large transactions because they attracted good offers from the smokers. However, the cigarettes were alike not convenient for a currency because people smoked them during the low supply seasons (Radford 1945, p. 190). The other disadvantage is that some prisoners reduced the tobacco contents in the cigarettes to make their own hand-rolled cigarettes for resale.British households devise arrangements to share their washing machines because of the high demand that the machines attract in the neighbourhoods. It is apparent that most British do not like washing their clothes because of time limitations and the high prices charged at the laundries. As a result, they enjoy spending money on expensive fixed goods that they use for a few hours each week, which are cheaper than acquiring the services of the launders.During the alcohol beverages prohibition in the US between 1920 and 33, whisky and gin we re openhanded because the clients were willing to use the substitutes. It is apparent that the shortage of a product will increase the demand of the substitute commodities. This is because the clients were willing to consume any alcoholic boozing that could help them overcome the thirst or enjoy their time.Price reign is governments intervention in the liberal markets in a fun to curry the maximum and minimum charges for commodities. An example of the price control is the price ceiling, which the highest price to charge, while the price floor is the lowest cost to implement. In this regard, prices set by the government can cause either a shortage or a surplus in the economy.The property rights of people are the privileges to control the way in which particular resources will be used. This does not consider the owner of the property, whether it is possessed by an individual or the

Hospitality Learning Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Hospitality Learning - Essay ExampleFrom the early days, medieval monasteries in Europe intellectually offered hospitality to travelers, especially pilgrims. The early inns in Europe were profit-making ventures that offered public rooms where merchants would sit to discuss their businesses. Apparently, the hospitality industry has followed travelers paths. In about year 1200, there arose inn-keeping that saw English restaurants considered as the finest globally during the industrial revolution. With the birth of the first class Termand ho engross hotel in Boston in 1829, providing guestroom, lockable door and free soap, the modern hotel industry emerged. By the 1950s, new concepts much(prenominal) as floatels, boatels and motels had been introduced. By 1960, a majority of hotel owners merged with large chains such as Hilton and franchising their hotels, making them larger. This marked the birth of the modern hotel industry crossways the world (Talwar, 22).At this point, it would be important to note the role that Hotel Management course plays in opening up ones mind to rate that hospitality encompasses more than just hotels. Hospitality has been categorized into four segments transportation, commercial recreation, food service and lodging. Therefore, whereas travelers could use hotels for dining and accommodation, restaurants would provide meals only. Vacation owner post is some other plan in the hospitality industry where customers buy a property, normally a residence at a resort and acquire the right of use for the lease period. Resorts are places meant for vacation, daytime getaway or relaxation and could offer live entertainment, cosmetic treatment, meals and massages. Another increasingly attractive field has been the cruise ship where passenger ships with amenities to serve leisure purposes are employed in leisure voyages with the various destinations along the way also being attractive.Whatever the survival of the fittest of hospitality, Hotel Manag ement emphasizes on the importance of

Minimum wages and unemployment level Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Minimum wages and unemployment level - Essay Examplein the amount of minimum wage brings about reduction in the employment levels evidently seen with employment elasticity ranging from -0.1 to -0.2 amongst the teenagers and from -0.15 to -0.2 for the youths (Charles, 2002, p 89).Employers in a firm are bounded with the minimum wage law which is meant to prevent the employers from paid their employees rate below the minimum wage. This law is widely partd in the present day countries. In UK and the USA, this law was only applicable to the women and the children. The extended use of the law was influenced by the period of the great depression. If the objective of the minimum wage was to ensure that employed achieved a worthy standard of living, then some edible had to be made for those who are retrenched (Flinn, 2010, p58-62).During the imposition of the minimum wage by the prudent bodies, firms within that jurisdiction would not be permitted to pay less than what the responsible bo dy mandates, for any service that they have received. For instance, this is when the governing body passes legislation that is meant to raise the wage bill from its initial of $6.72 per hour to $8.0 per hour. In line with the preceding(prenominal) minimum wages, at $8.0, supply of the labour service was 70,000 hours, but only 50,000 hours was what was in demand by the firms. Within a market with voluntary trade, the decisions of firms to exact its employees cannot be influenced with an external body, reason being the quantity of labour needed is normally established through the desire of the firm to buy but not the desire of the workers to sell (Joshua, 1999, p 123).Through the above discussion there is an assumption that, increasing the amount of minimum wage in a country, the enactment of employed individual would increase. In addition, there is an emerging possibility that everyone would be able to get a job. However, the number of hours that they initially worked would be red uced. Putting this grounds into consideration, there would be rise in

Financial Institutions Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Financial Institutions - Research Paper ExampleAfter reviewing the trend in banking branches, it is determined that there is a colossal ontogeny in bank branches then in 1934. Bank branches were very around nonexistent in the 1930s and increased as time went on. The increase in branches has shown a steady decrease in institutions. These increases and decreases show an overall increase in facilities. It seems that the public has more access to banking facilities then in 1934. in that location were 14,146 offices available in 1934 and in 2009 there are over 90,159. The trend shown for banking statistics shows that consolidating is a growing and continuing trend. This can be proven true since, almost every street in modern day America is home to a branch location. Some financial institutions house as many as 50 different financial institutions. This is good in a way that individuals can choose which financial institution to bank with. Despite the regulations that protect banks from misadventure, rough do fail. Go to www2.fdic.gov/hsob/. Select the tab labeled Bank and Thrift Failures. How many bank failures occurred in the USA during the most recent calendar course of instruction? What were the total assets held by the banks that failed? How many banks failed in 1937? In 2010 name the decease three states where bank failures occurred. 2. ... The difference in bank loss assets differ by millions of dollars. This is proof that there is more money available and out in the American economy compared to the 1930s. In 2010 there were also many bank failures. The top three states that produced bank failures were Florida, Georgia and Illinois. This was determined by totaling the number of failures in each state. Of the states listed, the most failures were in the given states. Whilst looking at the bank failure data choose one bank in Washington State and provide a two page synopsis of the bank condition (asset size, equity, derivatives watchword etc) at the time of failure. Also, conduct a media (newspaper/trade journal search) of any news regarding the failed bank you are researching. Did the board of directors consent to the closing? Name the epoch when Order for Taking Possession took place. Provide the name of the bidder that assumed the deposits of the bank. Was it necessary for the FDIC to create an interim bank to handle deposits for customers? 3. After reviewing bank failures, it is important to dissect which banks failed and why the banks failed. The FDIC helps regulate certain banking aspects to try and prevent failure but sometimes it is out of the FDICs hands and nothing can be done. in that respect could be many reasons as to why a bank would fail. Banks fail for many different reasons like a poor economy and improper management. sometimes it has nothing to do with the bank and its employees but rather the amount of loans out. When a bank has many loans out and the borrowers are unable to pay, the banks take a loss. A bank t hat has failed in 2010 is the North County Bank. The bank is located in Arlington, in the state of Washington. This

Giving examples Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Giving examples - Term Paper Exampleand Design Method (SSADM), selecting the Data Flow Diagram (DFD) for demeanour description and the Structure Chart (SC) for structure description, is classed as a non-architectural approach. On the disparate hand, the architectural approach, rather than selecting numerous heterogeneous and unrelated models, will enforce just one single coalescence model. For instance, system architecture, employing the Architecture description Language (ADL) for both behavior and structure descriptions, is classed as an architectural approach.The state of a system, often determined by which programs are running and basic hardware and software features. For instance, when a program is said to be running in a UNIX environment, it means the program is running on a system with UNIX. As a result, one key element of an environment is the operating system. However, operating systems pee a number of unique parameters. For instance, many operating systems enable users to select their command prompt or a default command track. When grouped together, all(prenominal) these parameters form the environment. In this sense, another term for environment is platform. In DOS systems, environment is a section in memory that the operating system and other applications use to store different types of miscellaneous data. For instance, word processor stub use the environment section to store the location of backup information. The environment force out be viewed or modified using the SET command.This is a graphic model of a projects schedule, depicting the sequence of tasks, the critical path of tasks that must be finished on time for the project to meet its completion date, and which ones can be performed simultaneously. PERT charts can be designed with different features, such as earliest and latest commencement dates for each task, earliest and latest finish dates for each task, and time wasted between tasks. PERT charts can document whole projects or an important stage of a project. They allow project teams to

Thomas Hobbes Ieviathan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Thomas Hobbes Ieviathan - Essay ExampleAlways he based his argument on the violent deaths of men on the hands of another man. He believed that the only way natural laws could work was only by submitting the commands t the s all overeign. Thomas Hobbes, Leviathan, Oxford 1996 Thomas Hobbes has his own reputation on political philosophy. He is astray known to be a thinker with so many interests in political philosophy. In the world of philosophy, Thomas H. is widely known for his defense on a wide range of issues that included Naminalist, empiricist, and materialist views in contrast to republic. In history too, he is also known to have translated Thucydides History of the Peloponnesian warfare in to now side of meat which saw him later write his own history on the long parliament. Generally, Thomas H. is widely known for his participation in his intellectual life.1 His vision of the world is original and still relevant to the contemporary politics. His main concern is majorly the pr oblems of the social and political order, which is how human beings can live together without fear or civil conflicts in our societies. He has ever insisted in giving our obedience to an account able sovereign person or conference to determine every social political issue. Otherwise, what awaits us is a state of nature, which more closely resembles a civil war whereby everybody in any society is in a state of fear. It is due to Hobbes interpretations, which lead to so many controversies as to whether he sees human beings as merely egoistic or stringently self-interested. He goes on to posits unconnected and primitive state of nature whereby men have the natural proclivity to hurt another man and have rights over everything nevertheless to one anothers body. This is what making me defends Hobbes in his argument whereby powers should be rested on the sovereign state. Power is entrusted to a certain company who ensures that there is law and order in that state and no civil wars2. In the early 1640s, this is the time when Hobbes started making an impact with most of the philosophical books and one of his own was the elements of law, whereby he started with the developments of the workings of the human mind and language also the political matters. One of his first published books on philosophy was the De cive published in 1642, which encompasses three main aspects, which included Empire, Liberty, and religion. Later when in France Hobbes then wrote Leviathan and this book was published in 1651. Leviathan basically comprises of matters of scriptural interpretation and it is in this book where majorly his work evolves in. Leviathan is a book written by Thomas Hobbes during the civil war. Its concerns are basically on the society and the legitimate government then taken as one of the examples of the social contract theory. He argues that social unity and civil peace can only be achieved through the shaping of a commonwealth through the social contract. This c ommon wealth is then ruled by either a sovereign power or even a single ruler who provides security to the common wealth. He is a man who has lived in fear, which then eventually led him to write the leviathan. In his book, He set out the foundation of states plus the legitimate governments, which are said to have originated from the social contract theory3. This book is known to have been written during the English civil wars. It was as a result of these evil

Auditing of Smackey Dog Foods, Inc Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Auditing of Smackey Dog Foods, Inc - Term Paper ExampleThe paper tells that U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) has an influence in setting the GAAP principles, i.e. Generally Accepted Accounting Principles and thus rouse have a substantial impact over the canvassing process to be taken into consideration while reviewing the financial disclosures of Smackey Dog Foods, Inc. From an overall point of view, it plays a vital role in assisting the auditing process involving the financial statements of Smackey Dog Foods, Inc by specifying and account requirements needed for the fair disclosure of accounting. Hence, SEC can assist Smackey Dog Foods, Inc by maintaining orderly, fair & efficient markets and also help in the process of jacket formation. SEC can also help Smackey Dog Foods, Inc plan its future expansion and growth strategies ensuring sufficient return to the investors and stakeholders as well. In addition, SEC assists the investors in decision-making and the audi tors by generating awareness regarding the various legal treatments to be noted while executing the auditing process to ensure a just accounting disclosure which can have accepted direct implications on the audit in Smackey Dog Foods, Inc. The essendial activities involved in the initial readying of an audit entail certain steps. The first step is the deciding part where the auditor decides whether to serve the new client. Notably, considering the fact that this decision should be taken at an early stage onwards any significant cost is incurred, Keller CPA will focus on the current situation faced by Smackey Dog Foods Inc. Identification of the need of audit in any administration is also a part of initial planning. To avoid misunderstanding, the audit engagement process will be discussed with the client. With this regards, Keller CPA had sent his staffers, Ben and Maureen, to Smackey Dog Foods Inc. for the audit engagement. The auditor requires independence to perform his work t aking into account that there should be no management integrity issues in the organization (American Institute of CPAs, 2012). Question 3 Discuss The 4 Stages Of The Audit and The Major Activities Performed By The Auditor In Each Phase. Give An Example of How Each of these specifically Applies to the Smackey Dog Food, Inc Audit. For Instance, Examine The Apparent Internal Control Weaknesses and Possible Negative Outcome of Each. The four stages of the audit are Preliminary review, Audit Report, Fieldwork, and Planning. In the planning phase the research and data cumulateing is done for the audit process. The research and data may contain the prior audit files, board policies, financial reports, administrative regulations, shared audit programs, internet sites and job descriptions among others. A meeting is fixed to introduce what may occur in the audit, the internal auditor meets the desired individual from the department to identify the issues, and special areas of concern. Preli minary Review In the preliminary review the existing control composition will be assessed and evaluated to make the necessary variations in the audit scope draft, program, and questionnaires. Keller CPA will also review the internal control formation of the department by using different kinds of tools and methods to gather and evaluate data about the operation. This will help to ensure about the areas of high risk and to design a program to work in the fieldwork stage. Fieldwork In this phase auditor will perform transactions and logical reviews, and further relevant information required for the audit. The internal controls of Smackey Dog Foods Inc. are to be recognize during the preliminary review which is being operated and is being determined by Keller CPA. The audit program is to be reviewed to ensure that procedures described within are appropriate

Difference between the mission and vision statement.strategic Essay

Difference between the mission and mountain arguing.strategic vigilance - Essay ExampleThe main difference between the mission and view statement is that the mission statement provides a guidelines of what the smart set seeks to achieve in the present as an organization while the vision statement illustrates the goals of the unbendable for the future. A company I once work for had the most deceptive and fraudulent mission statement I had ever seen. The company claimed that one of its values was taking dtake of the employees in identify to improve their quality of life and of their families. The reason that the company lied in this statement was because this company was very abusive towards its employees. The firm would slip hours from the workers payroll by paying them fewer hours than they worked, they would pay the workers two to three weeks late every pay cycle, and the firm did not honor a motivator system that offered to the employees when they started to work for the firm. The actions of the managers, administrative team, and owners of the company were opposite of what the mission statement claimed. DQ2 I went to the corporeal website of the global coffeehouse company Starbucks Cafe. The company has a corporate responsibility program in place that affected various aspects of their operations. One of the most intriguing aspects of the firms CSR plan was the sourcing of materials initiatives. The company in order to help our poor communities across the orb only purchases fair trade coffee. Fair trade coffee is a system that guarantees poor farmers across the world a minimum price for coffee of $1.26 per pound which is twice the going rate for wholesale coffee across the world. Another aspect of the firm complaisant responsibility commitment which I liked was their emphasis on hiring a diverse workforce. The firm also had good initiatives in place to protect the purlieu such as a recycling program. One aspect of their social responsibility init iatives that I did not like was the fact that the company does not leave a mechanism in place to collect money for philanthropy causes. Considering the high profit margins the company enjoys the firm could easily donate 1% of their revenues or more to help fight hunger in places such as Africa, India, and South America. DQ3 The four major components of the strategic management process are environmental scanning, strategy formation, strategy implementation, and strategy evaluation. Environmental scanning is important because it allows the manager the opportunity to collect sufficient information in order to determine the semblance between the company, the market, and its potential alternative solutions. I believe that the second step (strategy formation) is the most important step or component in the strategic management process. If a manager chooses the wrong strategy the subsequent steps wont matter because the failure of the strategic initiative is inevitable. Take for example a company that decides after two years in business that the best strategic formation is too expand the company. The firm invests all the money it has on expanding without proper environmental scanning and without analyzing the financial consequences of the decision. Due to the bad plan the company realizes that now they are producing more goods than what the market seeks. Suddenly a firm that was doing well goes into financial troubles due to a bad strategic formation. 4. I agree with you that the mission statements of companies have a more detail description than the vision statement of a company. Based on the research that I made on the subject the reason that this occurs is because of the timeline perspective. The mission statement attempts to provide the people who read it an overview of the business as it is in the short term. People want to know what the company is all about and is seeking to do and realize. The visions statement is different because the vision statement provid es an overview of what the company is seeking to achieve in the future. 5. I agree with a lot of the points you mentioned in your response. I believe that a people

Dealing with Evil Essay Example for Free

Dealing with Evil EssayAfter the World War II the planet has been divided by the Iron Curtain into two antagonistic camps the communist countries, headed by the USSR and the capitalistic countries, headed by the USA. The struggle between two systems took forms of economic competition, ideological dispute, armament quicken and even local armed conflicts. Both leaders aimed to spread their influence at each possible region and attract carry over every possible country. At that they often paid little attention to home policy of a particular body politic concentrating exclusively on their ability to tame it. Declaring their desire for democracy both the USA and the USSR often adjudgeed authoritarian and totalistic regimes. This paper shall review some examples when the US cooperated with undemocratic rulers and demonstrate the sine qua non of such cooperation in order to stop the communist expansion. In one of the global key-points the Middle East the USA did a lot to support an less-traveled regime of the Shah of Iran. Between 1945 and 1979 Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, Shah of Iran, conducted a policy of westernization and close ties with the United States.His rule has been marked by growing poorness of the population and total corruption of the state officials. Failure of economic reforms has only compounded the crisis. Under such conditions the communist party gained increasing popularity among the people of Iran. However, despite of Shahs authoritarism, the USA instructed him when he outback(a) a democratically elected government in 1953, as well as later in his actions. Only in 1977 the President has sent a polite reminder to the Shah about the necessity to take care of human rights .In response the Shah has freed some political prisoners and allowed the Red Cross to operate in Iran. Those measures appeared to be late and the Shah has been overthrown in 1979. Between 1940 and 1959 the USA favored a regime of l Ruben Fulgencio Batista at Cuba, preferring to have a dictator rather than a communist country just a few miles away. Batista has been provided with funds for electoral campaign. The CIA assisted Batista in detecting and destroying his opponents.However, Batistas regime appeared to be so unpopular among the people of Cuba, that it has been destroyed by a small group of guerillas lead by Fidel Castro in 1959 . Another example of support rendered by the USA to totalitarian leader is cooperation with the regime of Mobutu Sese Seko in Zaire (now the Democratic Republic of Congo ). Mobutus attitude to Soviet Union was rather frosty because of the Soviet support of local rebels. So he has chosen to strengthen the relationships with America and Belgium a former mother-country of Zaire. The US was third largest donor to Zaire economy.Even despite of Mobutus warlike rhetoric and poor human rights record, Zaire received almost 50% of US assistance to sub-Sahara countries in the times of President Carter. America to a fault directly c ooperated with Mobutu during inner conflicts by providing supplies and transporting Belgian paratroopers . Nevertheless after collapse of the USSR the USA has found it unnecessary to further work with Mobutu and he was even refused of Ameri go off visa. In contrast he was now suppressed to democratize his regime. And without outside assistance he has been overthrown in 1994.In total, the attitude of the USA to friendly dictators can be characterized by a rude but frank phrase of Franklin D. Roosevelt He may be a son of a bitch, but hes our son of a bitch. In the titanic struggle with communism political loyalty was a priority in comparison to contemplation of human rights.REFERNCES1. Gellman, Irwin F.(1973) Roosevelt and Batista Good neighbor diplomacy in Cuba, 1933-1945. University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque, NM 2. Ayittey, George B. N. (1999) Africa in Chaos A Comparative History. Palgrave Macmillan 3. Afoaku, Osita. U. S. foreign policy and authoritarian regimes convince and continuity in international clientelism, Journal of Third World Studies, Fall 2000, pp. -345-241

A Perspective on Disability Essay Example for Free

A Perspective on Disability EssayShe is accompanied by a just as strong husband/caretaker who goes above and beyond the call of duty when it comes to taking care of his spouse. Nancy Mairs presents her audience with an honest inside purview of her life and perspective as a cripple, a word she openly uses to define herself. Mairs constantly calls herself a cripple because disabled or not, the word gamy can make a person wince (Mairs). She brings her world to us, discussing a wide variety of things including language, family, and humor, and how these all relate to her life. Through various stories and insights, she allows her readers to gain an judgment and acceptance of people with disabilities. She examines the publics view of the disabled, as well as the views they have of themselves, and compares them to her own. She makes it clear that she is not to be defined solely by her deadening. Not only does she reach out to the general population, but she also reaches out to those in a similar situation as herself. She helps anyone with a disability really understand how able a disabled person can be. Having George participate in my care, calls me into life. It says, despite your losses, despite your limitations, you belong here with us and we necessity you to stay. We want you to stay enough that were willing to participate in the labor that it takes (Mairs). That is possibly the most important motivation for caregiving to show that person that their life is valued. Caregiving enables a person to be in the world, but it also enables them to want to be in the world when it would be easier not to.From the other point of view a caregiver struggles with keeping a positive attitude when going day in and day out taking care of another human being. on that point is a constant reminder that quitting is not an option, because quitting is the equivalent to failure in this situation. Im not confined to a wheelchair, I have choices. I can give rise up and get out, an d that takes some of the pressure off me (Mairs). It is important that caregivers get space from the person they care for. Nancy makes sure to provide George with his own time.Caregiving works unbelievably if it is circular George gives Nancy opportunities to care for him. Sometimes he does it consciously, but sometimes he just genuinely needs someone to be there for him like he is for her. He needs someone to hold his hand and tell him that everything will be all right. If we look at everything we receive as a blessing, MS is a blessing. It probably has kept us together (Mairs). Nancy and George Mairs have a relationship that works for the both of them.

Dulce et Decorum est - Anthem for Doomed Youth Essay Example for Free

Dulce et Decorum est Anthem for Doomed youthfulness EssayDulce et Decorum est and Anthem for Doomed Youth are two poems written by Wilfred Owen during the First World War. Owen, like most soldiers, joined up after being convinced that war was sportsman by propagandistic posters, poems and stories, and once he had realised that the truth was quite the opposite of this, he decided that it was his responsibility to oppose and protest against poets like Jessie pontiff through poetry itself. People were not prepared for the sheer scale and manner of death and the mechanised nature of trench warfare, and had false expectations of the heroic endeavour, provided little awareness of the realities. However, compared to Dulce, the anger portrayed is dramatic aloney understated. Dulce is an outrageous protest, displaying the haunting and bitter effects of war, and after describing in great detail the horrific humbug of a soldier drowning and choking in gas, Owen reveals his passionate hatred for the false and misleading idealisms of heroism in war using particularly emphatic vision in cancer and froth corrupted lungs.The f shape that Anthem is a sonnet, is ironic in that they are usually about love, and because it is actually about grief, it slenderly lulls the reader into a false sense of security, therefore making the poem more effective. Both poems seem to talk about the vile and painful conditions in war, Dulce using onomatopoeia in trudge, giving the impression that war is truly appalling, immediately going against the common belief that it is a game from poems like Whos for the game?. Also, veritable to both poems is the idea of undignified and casual death, rather than the heroic, glorious death promised by governmental propaganda. For example, in Dulce, Owen talks about the way they flung the dead soldier in a wagon with such brutal nonchalance.Furthermore, Anthem introduces a typical Victorian funeral with singing choirs, and juxtaposes it with the sh rill, demented choirs of wailing shells on the battlefield, and with the constant end-stopped lines, this conveys a sense of solemn grief rather than the vicious anger in Dulce, which tends to use enjambment more frequently. Also, Anthem discusses the lack of ceremony and dignity in which people are honoured after their death on the battlefield, and Owen reveals his anger for this using the powerful, hyperbolic alliteration in rifles rapid rattle. In addition, the fact that the sound of instrument gun fire is reflected in the phrase rifles rapid rattle presents to the reader that the gravelly realities of war are indeed more than just stimulate.In addition, a sense of urgency and immediacy is portrayed in the arcsecond stanza of Dulce, when Owen uses direct speech and exclamations in Gas Gas, while the epizeuxis and use of the present round-the-clock tense gives further emphasis to this desperate urgency .On the other hand, Anthem has a strong sense of sympathy and general tran quillity throughout the second stanza, which is juxtaposed by something quite the opposite in the first. As well as this, the light lexis used in wrangle such as glimmers and affectionateness in the second stanza, give the impression that it is a poem of mourning and respect rather than anger and hate.In general, Dulce uses fairly vulgar and crude language, transport his disrespect for propagandistic poets, as well as his anger at the unawareness of the dangers of war of the British publicHe plunges at me, guttering, choking, drowning.Owens use of the words guttering, choking and drowning, has numerous implications and effects. Firstly, a gutter represents the bottom of society, and therefore shows how soldiers dying is in fact not a respectable act, but rather an act that is hardly noticed by society. Also, the onomatopoeic sounds of guttering and choking, give an even more emphatic image of death on the battlefield, portraying Owens desire for the awareness of the harsh realitie s of war in youth culture as well as in everyday men. Finally, the fact that Owen uses three separate adjectives to describe the horrific scene, in addition to the tri-conic feel it gives, the phrase implies that Owen could not put what he was seeing into words, and therefore persuading the reader that war is simply a catastrophic, desperate excuse for a fight, sacrificing millions of men in the process.Unlike Dulce, Anthem brings out the mournful, respectful side of Wilfred Owen through the melancholy atmosphere he creates through the modulation of harsh tomography to a more resigned toneThe monstrous anger of the gunsbut in their eyesShall shine the holy glimmers of goodbyes.This dramatic contrast between coarse and frightening imagery in monstrous anger of the guns and the solemn melancholy in the holy glimmers of goodbyes is a very moving one. This is not only because the phrase refers to weeping in young mens eyes, which in itself is a saddening image, but also because it ref ers to goodbyes, forcing a more personal image of saying goodbye to close friends or relatives as they go to war upon the mind of the reader, again, creating a sombre mood. In addition, the end-stopped line following goodbyes is very effective in that it makes the goodbye seem all the more sudden, harsh, and hurtful.In conclusion, Dulce and Anthem, although they are both written in protest against the deceiving propaganda made by various people, they go about it in different ways. Dulce is an right away outrage at individuals, which we know from Owens draft that it was targeted at Jessie Pope, using coarse and harsh language to do so. Anthem on the other hand is a more solemn and moving poem, although it starts as if it were to be an outrage, before we learn that in fact, it is only grieving for the dead and their lack of ceremony, and it becomes literally, an anthem for doomed youth.

Examples of Unethical Experiments

Examples of Unethical ExperimentsSection 1HISTORICAL CASESNazi Experimentations Testing the strength of sulfanilamide and other drugs in curbing infections.ETHICAL PRINCIPLES NOT METpaying attention for Human arroganceInformed ConsentPrivacy reward for Vulnerable personsMinimizing harm and maximising benefitThe persons involved in these experiments, were Human beings. Their privacy was invaded by these Nazi doctors. There was coercion they did non induce a say in harm of what was being done to them. Having battlefield wounds being inflicted, was not a voluntary decision by these mass. Since the doctors in Nazi Germany were guided by utilitarian deterrent example principles, they did not need to consider informed consent. Experiments were leaded with no regards for the wellbeing of the subject from the possibilities of injury, disability, or death. In these experiments the subjects experienced extreme pain, resulting in permanent injury, mutilation, or death. obeisance for these subjects in the eyes of the Nazis was not a priority, as they were seen to be Less-Human. These people were vulnerable to the Nazis, and to whatever was being done to them. Minimizing harm was not a consideration that was taken by the nazi medics. However, even though it was for the Germans benefit, it was torture for the Jewish and Non-German people.There is no way in which this experiment can be hypothesize to become an ethical process. However, since it was geared towards finding cures for those wounded in battle, what can be a possible suggestion is that, instead of using those innocent people and inflicting battle wounds, the wounded casualties should have been used instead, with consent ofcourse, to find those possible remedies for infections. Another senario, would have been to take blood samples of infected persons, again with consent, and test with curb apparatus/equipments to find cures.Tuskegee Syphilis Study- Learning to a greater extent about syphillis and its treatment, especially for blacks in the U.S.This lease had good intentions. However, it shifted from helping persons with the disease to becoming a submit about the effects of untreated Syphilis on live patients. At the time, the couloureds had no access to medical care. This study was more(prenominal) or less establish on Deception.ETHICAL PRINCIPLES NOT METRespect for Human DignityInformed ConsentRespect for vulnerable personsminimizing harm and maximizing benefitIndependence of interrogation and conflicts of interest or partiality must be explicit.The participants in this study were not informed that they were more or less test subjects, and the doctors were more enkindle in the results of their autopsies. It is more accurate to say however that they were informed, but rather misinformed, and not notified that the disease they were being treated for was indeed serious and possibly fatal.The term of the experiment was so long that the study violated two laws that were passe d since its beginning. The Henderson Act of 1943, which requires the testing and treatment of sexually transmitted diseases, and the World Health Organizations (W.H.O.) Declaration of capital of Finland of 1964, which requires professionals to provide informed consent on all medical experiments that researched effects on people (Brunner, 2009). Despite the passing of these laws the doctors involved in the study not only withheld information from these men, but also deliberately misinformed them and prevented them from seeking alternative methods of effective treatment. (Amaris Joy, 2011)How can this process be revised, so as to become more ethical?Participants need to be informed and not mislead about the study.Researchers should not maximize harm to obtain maximum benefitThe rights of Human beings/dignity should be of a high priorityResearch should be made explicitBlood samples should have been taken, with consent and with the person being throughly informed, and then be analysed f or a cure, thereby not using the individual and having him/her prone to any harm.Since penicilin was used to counter the disease, it should have been enforced.The government should have been aware that the study was button on after they found the penicilin cure and should have shut down the study. They should have been more aware of what was going on.The Willowbrook StudyETHICAL PRINCIPLES NOT METRespect for Vulnerable personsRespect for Human dignityWitholding information about risksCoercion or undue pressure on parents to volunteer their children.Willowbrook State School, located in Staten Island, is a school for retarded children, which in 1956, agreed to participate in a research experiment to determine the course of the hepatitis virus and whether or not gamma globulin (a protein complex which contains antigens to provoke the body to produce antibodies) could be used to inoculate children against the virus.How can this process be revised, so as to become more ethical?A series of Blood samples of those infected or who have now enrolled to the school, could have been taken with parents informed consent at different phases, and analysed with the unlike methods to find the cure.Children should not be taken for experimentation without their consent or parents consentchildren should not have been used as test subjects at all. inspire Humphrey, 1960s, Washington University (PhD diss)Tearoom Sex StudyThe study planned first to obtain information about homosexual practices in public restrooms and then to conduct further investigation on the men who took part in the acts. The researcher went undercover and gained the confidence of the men by acting as a smack out. The researcher identified 100 active subjects by tracing their car license numbers. A year after he completed the initial study of direct observation of homosexual acts the researcher distributed a social health survey throughout the communities where he knew the subjects lived.ETHICAL PRINCIPLES NOT M ETRespect for privacy and confidentialityRespect for vulnerable personsEnsuring research was conducted in the best interest of societyRespect for free and informed consentHow can this process be revised, so as to become more ethical?What Laud Humphrey should have done, was not to pry on peoples privacy, but interview those who were giveing to go along with his study, who found themselves in that category.Questionaires/Surveys done with confidentiality could have been done instead, being distributed to various communities.Section 2-ReportTHE UNIVERSITY OF RED BRICKSWARRENVILLE CAMPUSResearch Ethics BoardMarch 11, 2014Dr. Researcha,University of Red Bricks,Warrenville Campus.Re Approval make known on the research proposal requested by Dr. Geographia.Dear Dr. Researcha,As an external reviewer of Dr. Geographias study of community vulnerability to natural disasters, I have approved the complete protocol, Strategies of the richest and most famous Minimizing vulnerability to Earthquakes and other Natural Disasters in Trinidad and Tobago. The Project is scheduled to last twenty-four months, which includes the areas of Warrenville and surroundings, commencing on May 5, 2014. Dr. Geographia, is precise experienced in this area of study, has published in peer reviewed journals, and has many books published in the subject area of natural hazards and risk perceptions.The protocol involves no special populations in particular, thereby reducing the ethical principle of subject vulnerability. The pupose of the proposed research is limited only to the social elite, being approximately five portion and not to socio-economically disadvantage groups. According to the proposal read, this study seeks to disclose the resources, networks, and strategies of the countrys wealthiest and apply the results gained to invent a trickle-down mobilization stategy. In emulating societys elite, this can strengthen the socially disadvantaged in coping with natural hazards. The study incorp orates views and community perceptions.Quantitative methods such as blood sampling, laboratory usage, and other sampling experiments and analysis will not be performed. The study is a Qualitative study.Research material will be obtained through semi-structured interview via researchers within the residents homes, taped and transcibed, completed in the participants homes for their comfort, in property with ensuring research is conducted in the best interest of the society as a whole. The ethical principle of Privacy and confidentiality will therefore not be compromised as the study demands the highest discretions due to the wealth status of the individuals participating. Respect for free and informed consent, will be adhered, since once the participant decides to take part, their verbal consent will be recorded, and therefore a consent form will not be necessary. Data will be collated and analyzed in order to formulate applications to prevent loss and vulnerability among the poorest in the Region.Her study in no way violates any other ethical principles such as respect for gentlemans gentleman dignity, confidentiality, justice, and respect for minimizing harm and maximising benefit. No harm is done to the participants in the study. It has minimal to no risks involved. Benefits are obtained, when results are obtained and analyzed accordingly. The proposal is a more or less cost effective study. Whatever expences are required, are thereby funded by Right Hand Left Hand Insurance Group.A suggestion that I would recommend, is that Dr. Geographia should incorporate in her study, the views and opinions of the Poor. The study should be revised to incorporate the poor, although the main focus is on the social elite. The perspectives of the socio-economically disadvantage will chip in leverage to her study, and a deeper understanding of their own responces to natural hazards can be contrasted and compared to that of the social elite.Sincerly,_________________________ TARA TRISHA MANNIE.EXTERNAL REVIEWER

Human Resource Management Practices in Indian Companies

sympathetic preference way Practices in Indian CompaniesAbstractConcepts associated with the election- rear endd survey of the system of rules be increasingly finding their way into the stpacegic HRM debate. gracious race racekind option consists of all the individual employees who bestow to the trading operations of an memorial tablet, whether they argon employed fulltime, vox-time, on a flying or permanent basis. forgiving preference commission is more(prenominal) concerned with the mountain aspect in prudence.Since makement involves getting activities completed strong with the aid of incompatible battalion and e actually organic law is made up of mountain, acquiring their services, knowledge their skills, motivating them to high levels of consummation, and ensuring that they continue to maintain their commitments to the organization ar all- valuable(a) to achieving organization are essential to achieving organizational objectives.This matter examines how a developing coun endeavor, and in particular, some selected Indian companies, construe Human resource care and whether it is employ as a strategy in managing their organizations. It reflects on how organizations in India are influenced by inconsistents that are different from those of their Western counterpart. In the process, this poll analyses the content of Human Resource solicitude, the all important(p) of corporate enculturation and corporate strategy in shaping the organization.A questionnaire digest of selected Indian companies was carried out, enlightening patterns of similarity and differences arising in its organizations. quest analysis, it was found that India. Is still on the verge of flip-flop and is still non capable of fully motivating its people. The process of liberalization and globalization necessitates for tension on the big population and instrument to utilize it to its fullest potential. on that pointfore, unless(prenominal) develo pment agencies, disposal and non-government organizations are involved to penetrate the human race resource development strategies, its real benefits give non build up. Consequently, the execution of human resource steering requires an insight in to the catch of its importance to Indian organizations. Hence, the evolution of Indian approach to human resource worry forget depend on an increase in the applicability of the Ameri bed, European and Japanese approach to human resource management implemented in these organizations.Ac companionshipmentChapter 1 Introduction1. Introduction1.1 Main Theme of The TopicThe birth of the strategic Human Resource Management (Strategic HRM) possibly took regularize less than 20 years ago with an article tit lead Human Resources Management A Strategic Perspective (Devanna, Fombrum, Tichy 1981). In much(prenominal) a bypass time, however, an ebullition has occurred in writing and anticipate on Strategic HRM. In 1996 both Academy of Mana gement Journal and Industrial Relations devote redundant issues to the study of HRM practices and whole performance and in 1997 Inter internal Journal of Human Resource Management presented a special issue on Strategic HRM and firm performance.The virtually exp unrivaledntial outgrowth of interest in understanding the strategical role that HRM tummy play in firm performance implies a prospect of more, more, more with regard to inquiry on Strategic HRM. However, before we observe the basic call for more, more, more, perhaps we fate to step back and reflect on where weve been, where we are, and where we affect to be. Human Resource Management (HRM) is a term that, through with(predicate)out the 1980s and into the 1990s has snuff it more and more known to managers and management students. and a decade of getting employ to has done too brusk to clarify exactly what HRM is, where it differs from traditional violence Management, and how important it will be for the time t o come.The growth of HRM as a body of management thought in the 1980s can be connected to a combination of socio-economic movers, in particular, changes in international contest, the see the light of industrial sectors and organizations, and the rise of a improved confidence in the power of managers to manage. Under these conditions the contribution of human resources to the success of organizations has been under nervous strain through the sentience of doctrines of brilliancy, graphic symbol, innovation and entrepreneurship. These developments placed the management of people firmly on the agenda and created the conditions for the emergence of a untried-style theory of Personnel Management, bearing the mug HRM.Perhaps, thither is an clear uncertainty that HRM can, or ever could, live up to the wider claims of its power to so totally transform the manipulation relationship that some of the inherent problems of managing a unstable set of employee issues can be resolved more satisfactorily than by approaches that fuddle grown out of the historical development of Personnel Management. In large part such a reaction can be explained in legal injury of the gulf that appears to be between Personnel Management on the ground and the rather more theoretical strategic nature of a great deal of the discussion surrounding Human Resource Management.For Managers, already raddled out by the waves of change, coping with technical innovation and economic shifts, on that point is a need to develop the contest needful to manage their functional futures (Morgan, 1988). Not only do they need to understand the nature of these changes, but they need in similar manner to make on an international perspective in nine to manage in different cultures and with different customs. For legion(predicate) years there has been a general interest in the different productionion systems and management strategies choose in Japan, the USA and Europe. Increasingly now attention is also foc utilize on the people management systems, attempting to explain the differences in management technique and policies (Mansfield and Poole, 1981 Jacobs et al., 1987).thither is therefore a need to understand how different cultures undertake Human Resource Management for what Doeringer (1981) calls pragmatic causal agents. That is, because there are lessons to be larn from opposite cultures and we need to control for cultural influences when examining solutions. To this can be added the further realistic and critical reasons that managers must now carry out their skills and technique in multicultural linguistic mise en scene, and achieve objectives internationally.In advanced economies like the United Kingdom and the USA companies, confronted by the Japanese competition and employment strategies coupled with recession and search for worth collapse tended to change from Personnel to Human Resource Management or better still strategic Human resource Management. Howev er, there are questions regarding the consequence to which this has happened in the developing countries. In answering this question, one must consider the fact that Human Resource Management methods in developing countries will be highly influenced by psycho-economic variables which are considerably different from western countries.Workers are non forced enough and there is not enough pains be sick on their training, development, participation and the like. Resources are usually directed to serve the ruling best, and then to be unfocused towards finding means and methods for better education, health, and precaution for the compute force. Women in close developing countries are still treated improperly and there is a lot of power distance between the employer and employee. barely the future of Human Resource in developing countries is not miserable, as countries like India take in started reallocating their resources towards this department and structures and systems are b eing set up to hurry this. The biggest gainsay for the developing gentlemans gentleman is therefore, to convert its vast human resource into chance and take them along in their march into the future.1.2 Aims and objectivesAimsTo critically evaluate strategic Human Resource Management practices In Indian Companies.ObjectivesCritically assess and evaluate theories, concepts and models of SHRM given in the literature. To examine the nature of the context of HRM, the tough nature of organizations in a developing country (like India). To examine the background to the growth of interest in India to HRM and the completion of HRM practice among Indian employers. To lose it the nature of the context of HRM, the problematical nature of organizations in a developing country (like India).Chapter 2 Research MethodologyResearch Design and MethodologyAs I have used a survey-questionnaire approach to gather entropy. The study is based on two stage sampling design. In the first step, Indian o rganizations were chosen willy-nilly from the national capital region of India. In the second step, the organizations, top, middle and senior level managers in HR or who were line managers were randomly selected to fill in the questionnaires. From this prototype of 40 managers a total of 12 questionnaires were filled in.A total of 28 questionnaires returned were either incomplete or the managers refused to oblige. The chain of the study has been particular to managers from the industries in the national capital region of India. The organizations from which the managers responded spanned the multinational companies. Research instruments Human Role Assessment Survey Questionnaire (Conner and Ulrich, 1996) was administered on the sample. Participants were asked to refer to the HR professionals in their personal credit line entity and rate the current quality of each activity.This study discusses the methodology and the approach that the investigateer followed for the completion of this study. In tack for the aims of the project to be fulfilled it is prerequisite to occupy intimacy of the practices of Human Resource Management within Indian Companies. The look into was done with a phenomenological approach. It is so called because it is based on the way people bang social phenomena in the world that they live. This method has its own merits and demerits.On one hand it facilitate the understanding of how and why, it make possible for the detective to be quick to the changes that occur during the seek process, and this method is good for understanding social processes. On the other hand there are certain limitations such as, information appeal can be time consuming, info analysis is difficult, and the seek has to live with the hesitation that clear patterns whitethorn not emerge (Saunders, Lewis Thornhill, 1997). The snapshot resume was interpreted for the companies being study through questionnaires and the literature looked into the develop ment of the HRM techniques through time in the developing countries with special emphasis on India.In order to peach to the objectives of the query, standby information was collected from books, journals, magazines and in the altogetherspapers, etc. the look for tries to consider the performing studys upon which any form of strategic HRM depends, it describes the current state of the Human Resource Management and Personnel Management in India and tries to evaluate its level of operation to determine whether it is a strategic tool for shaping corporate strategy. This study is therefrom, descriptive as intimately as exploratory and concentrates more on soft approach. Basically there are two types of query methods, three-figure and soft. duodecimal research uses technique based on the principles of physical sciences. Statistical methods are used then to test fixed theory. Quantitative research is also prepared to run a linear progress from problem to solution. correspond to Smith (1988) the scientist spends time observing the actions and groups of people. Thus the researchers simply observe without making and value judgments after which the researcher explains the find mien.The qualitative data is based on meanings expressed through word. . It resolves in appealingness of non- order data that requires classification, and is analyzed through the use of conceptualization. Quantitative research then goes from observation to theory, then to testing. However, according to motley (1986) this order is often violated and studies are attacked because they do not follow the conventional chain of dismantlets.He goes on further to criticize studies for lacking a strong theoretical basis from which to operate. Yet, quantitative researchers fail to realize the position they put themselves in when they do this. Quantitative research however comes with advantages and disadvantages. Its main advantage is that it gives out quantifiable data, which needs to be ge neralized sometimes. Also, its greater weakness is that it does not account for human behavior, which is not quantifiable, but significant to find the objectives of the research.In compare, qualitative methods are entirely different, reluctant to more on analysis and are less prone to try and measure every aspect of the study. Qualitative research tends to produce rich intense data, relating to small looks of people, as opposed to vast standardized data relating to large numbers. Qualitative studies are mainly about peoples subjective interpretings of complex situations. Burrell and Morgan (1979) call this the interpretive paradigm. There is little need to quantifying every detail in qualitative research because its not worried about prediction and control (Lindlof, 1995).Nonetheless, this does not mean that qualitative research is not practical. It includes the understanding of the researcher and the subjects of the research. Researchers using the qualitative approach make syste matic observations and work to say something meaningful about their chosen motion doing it in a particular way (Buttny, 1993). However, its arguable that qualitative methods are more in effect(p) when trying to research relationships between people in organizations (Walker, 1985 p.3)There was a limitation as qualitative data analysis is very monotonous and conclusion from such data is subject to debate and mogul be unfair by individuals viewpoint (Gill and Johnson, 1997). Questionnaires (appendix 1) were used for assembling the patriarchal data from the companies. The company were selected in India random and questionnaires were sent to them to break the extent to which Human Resource Management is practiced and its perceived usefulness in improving the readiness of organizations.Despite, their difference research approaches qualitative and quantitative research seen to overlap similar characteristics. Both of them use a structure which allows researchers to make performance . Furthermore, they both use interpretation to observe initial results of a course of research. However, qualitative differs greatly in relation to data gathering. Nevertheless, the analysis of qualitative data is highly personalized. Obviously the analysis of the researcher is extremely likely personalized. Obviously the analysis of the researcher is extremely likely to affect the outcome of the researcher. This raises the question of validity and reliability in qualitative research.The basis for these differences lies in the social occasion of the research. Quantitative research is mean to be in charge of the topic being studied enabling the researcher to know the content of his or her data before it is even collected.Researchers undergoing qualitative approach of research do not worry with every measurable detail. Fundamentally, qualitative researchers seek to preserve the form and content of human behavior and analyze its qualities, rather than subject it to mathematical or fo rmal transformations (Lindlof, 1995). Basically, qualitative researchers strive for an agreement on phenomenon.According to Kaplan and Maxwell (1994) the ending for understanding a phenomenon from the point of view of the participants is largely lost when textual data is quantified. Thus its come be seen that qualitative methods rise above well-nigh of the shortcomings of quantitative methods. Qualitative research strives to bring depth to a phenomenon that quantitative methods lack.Collection of DataSecondary DataIn order to address the objectives of the research, secondary data was collected from books, journals, magazines, naturalspapers, embassies etc. Secondary data is information which has been collected, collated and analyzed by others for other purposes, while primary data is information collected as part of a particular research because it is considered relevant to the study and research problem (Ghauri et al, 199554-57, Riley et al 2000107).In addition, the following se condary sources that can also be important for any kind of research including the researchers study can also come in the form of Central and local government studies and reports, census reports, State budgets, rules on international trade regarding imports and exports, and policies on the foreign direct investment.Studies and reports of institutions and departments such as the central bureau of statistics, universities, telecommunications departments, marketing and other research institutes, put up of commerce and foreign missions such as embassies, trade centers and consulates.Academic as well as organizational journals and newsletters pertinent to the problem area. In many countries, different branch organizations publish journals on statistics regarding their own industry, the development of a particular discipline or problem area. Textbooks and other published material right away or indirectly related to the problem area.And lastly, theses and reports written by other students in our own university and in other schools and universities are the best guide line for the student. many another(prenominal) schools keep an up-to-date record of all these written in different disciplines. This is perhaps the closely important secondary source at the foregoing stages of our research process. They provide us with insight not only into our problem area, but also into the other sources mentioned above.The reason for using secondary data is because its very advantageous in terms of saving time and money. It also not only serve wells me to prepare and understand the research problem better, but it also volunteers the base for which scientific conclusions can be drawn. Another advantage of consulting secondary data is that it suggests equal methods or data to handle a particular research problem. According to Churchill (1987181) Do not bypass secondary data. Begin with secondary data, and only when the secondary data exhausted or show retreating returns, proceeds to primary data.In addition to secondary data, primary data is equally essential for more insight into the company being researched on. There are several choices regarding the means of solicitation primary data. Usually, this includes observations which entails listening and watching other peoples behavior in a way that allows some type of analytic interpretation used to collect first-hand information in a natural setting to interpret and understand the observed behavior or situation more accurately surveys (questionnaires) and interviews which are the just about parking lotplace data collection method in business studies.Primary DataThe researcher also collected primary data in addition to the secondary data in forms of case studies, unstructured interviews, and participant observation with some respondents. Other includes observations, surveys (questionnaires) and interviews by mail, retrieve, and personal contact. Surveys and questionnaires are the most popular data collec tion method in business studies.The most valid research method for the major(ip) part of the study was considered to be the interview. Interviews can be differentiated according to the level of structure and standardization adopted a structured interview being one where a predetermined and standardized or a formal set of questions is adhered to, an unstructured interview does not follow any prearranged process a semi-structured interview will normally tick an particle of both.The advantage of a semi-structured interview is that it enables a disciplined approach to be taken without constraining or inhibiting the responses by the rigidity imposed by a totally structured interview (Elliott and Christopher 1973). Chisnall (1986) stressed that the interaction between the interviewer and the respondent contributes greatly to the success of the interviewer. The intellectual atmosphere of an interview is at least as important as the mechanics of the interview processes.However with this study, the researchers also focused on using questionnaires which are said to be descriptive and analytical as my form of primary data to gain information related to India , initially in Indian organization to identify the extent of which Human Resource Management is practiced and its perceived usefulness in improving the efficiency of Keane and other related organizations. An experience survey approach which is a qualitative information collection technique used in marketing was is a qualitative information collection technique used in marketing was in attempts to tumble the knowledge and experience survey approach which is a qualitative information collection technique used in marketing was used in attempts to tip the knowledge and experience of those familiar with the general subject being investigated in addition to identifying the current phenomena.Surveys involve questions of some sort and are important for collecting peoples opinions and needs. It also attend toed the rese archer acquire information quickly with relatively minimal expense and effort from a relatively large number of respondents. The qualitative research is often focused on social process. It is thence common in social and behavioral sciences and those who want to understand human behaviors and functions suitable for canvass organizations, groups and individuals (Strauss and Corbin, 1990). Furthermore, descriptive surveys are often used to obtain consumer attitudes towards a certain product and to ascertain views and opinion of employees in an organization (Reeves and Harper, 1981).These surveys will thus help researchers understand the behavior of employees in regards to motivation, job satisfaction and grievances in relation to how human resource management is acknowledged in their company and their view towards HRM practices in India generally. However, in addition to helping the researcher with their study, surveys also help these various organizations understand the expectations and requirements of their customers as well as employees, develop service or product based on the standards as well as employees, develop service or product based on the standards of their required findings determine how well the organization are satisfying requirements both within the company and outside and finally establish goals and access how well to meet these goals.Special care was taken for invention the questionnaire questionnaire focus, questionnaire phraseology, the form of response, and question sequencing and overall presentation. Questionnaire were intentional in order to gain an in depth knowledge of Human Resource activities in organizations and for a redress of reality.There are factors which have limited to be unaware about the real meaning of Human resource Management and so most were not very co-operative, as they thought that allowing this type of research would identify some of their weaknesses, which would in turn threaten their competitiveness. The results of the questionnaire survey will be analyzed in depth, but it is important to first point some of the methodological problems that were faced during the course of this study.However, it is safe to note that the greatest drawback under the exploratory study lies where the findings may seem credible enough to be released incorrectly as conclusions. Further downside includes the tendency to extend the exploratory phase, and inadequate representation of diversity.A few problems arose during this research collectible to time and distance limit. As all the questionnaires were sent to various parts of India, the time was too short and limited for data gathering, the result of which led to the waiting for more replies from such companies. The distance makes it difficult to keep in touch with the companies in order to get a response, in terms of phone calls, which would be very expensive, and the postal questionnaires are very time consuming.Similarly, there were many companies which did n ot respond to the questionnaires, probably since they did not see Human Resource Management as an integral issue in organizational building and strategy. Thus was quite discouraging for study being carried out. Another verisimilar reason could have been that the companies did not bother posting the questionnaire back at their own expense, or they might not have been able to understand the purpose of the study clearly just by looking at the questionnaire and thus they did not feel like responding.In order to minimize problems of this sort, it is important for the leaders of developing countries, like India, to become more involved and encourages managers of companies to contribute to the betterment of the Human Resource Management by actively participating in the studies like this. This is important as the research is not only academically viable but also potentially useful to them. It may also be necessary to extend the time allotted for this type of study.At the time of writing up this study, there was in fact a response from only companies, and thus the results from these companies can only be analyzed. The companies that responded were from small size, thus the result of this study may possibly be gender, at the companies were selected at random.Chapter 3 Literature suss out soil TheoryLiterature ReviewBackground Theory3.1 IntroductionNowadays, it is a common belief in both the business and the academic world that the human resources of an organization can be a source of competitive advantage, provided that the policies for managing people are integrated with strategic business planning and organizational culture (Beer, Spector, Lawrence, Quinn, Mills, Walton, 1985).There is a incredible pressure to an organization to perform their duties properly with the rate of the rapid changes taking place. Accordingly organization change such as association, new ways of handing over works, high changing rate in workforce and employees capabilities and priorities is observe in the past.Human resource management has become a invasive and influential approach to the management of employment in a wide range of market economies. As a result, the analysis and military rating of HRM have become major themes in academic, policy and practitioner literatures. Good human resource management entails recruiting and hiring the best employees and getting the most out of them through effective training and supervision. Human resource management helps in identifying key skills sets, knowledge and valued required in the employee. Through manpower planning the management determines its human resource needs and implements plans to address them.Any assessment of the emergence of Human Resource Management has, at least, to take account of this changing context of employment and provide some explanations as to the relationships that exits between the contribution HRM has made to some of these changes on the one hand and, on the other hand, the impact that such ch anges have had on the theory and practice of HRM itself. (Beardwell and Holden, 1994 5). An analysis of data relating to the question of a link between Strategic Human Resource Management (SHRM) and performance reveals there is uncertainty as to the direction of the link.Can better performing organizations attribute their good performance to the quality of their HRM or is the standard of their performance due to other factors? The quality of HRM might be an outcome of performance rather than a contributing factor to that performance. There are questions about the meaning of a strategic approach to HRM. What makes an organizations approach to HRM strategic and is there a satisfactory method of differentiating between an approach to HRM that might be considered strategic or one that is not seen to be strategic?As organization restructure, human resources tend to decrease in quantities but increase in quality and in their value to organizational authorization. Investing in the develop ment of these valued resources make sense. Most of the companies in developing countries invest in new technology, new machinery, new plant to increase productivity because better models have been developed but we need to develop our own better models in human resource areaA strategy is a course of action. It shows how the enterprise will move from the business it is now to the business it wants to be in, given its opportunities and threats and its internal durability and weaknesses. Strategic human resource management means formulating and executing HR systems that produce the employee competencies and behaviors the company requires to achieve its strategic aims. The high-performance work system is designed to increase the overall quality of human capital throughout the organization, and provides a set of benchmarks against which straightaways HR manager can compare the structure, content, and efficiency and effectiveness of his or her HR system.Increased in international compet ition due to newly emerging multinationals and divisional organization has given new scope of management particularly Human Resource Management .India has also woken up to the reality that human resources management is key factor for the better performance of an organization . Its is an eventual(prenominal) goal an ambition to organization to perform their duty perfectly can only seen in developed countries like UK and USA . The organizational change and development have become a part of working life.3.2 Meaning of Human Resource ManagementHR include all the individual employees who contribute to the operations of an organization in any means of form either temporary or permanent basis. (Thompson and Mabey ,1994) It process of getting work done with help of people in efficient manner . It includes planning ,organizing, leading and controlling to make work done till the end task. To manage an organization the common factor taken in consider are goal, limited resource and people.The basic infrastructure of any business is the human capital. Human resource management, therefore, is one of the most important and recognized functions in the industry today. There is more pressure on HR to deliver, develop, and retain employees recognizing the importance of human capital. In todays world of technological advancement, human resource is the only factors, which differentiate the true potential of an organization.Human resource management is the process of coordinating an organizations human resources, or employees to meet organizational goals. Some of the challenges today in human resource management are maintaining a diverse workforce, dealing with major technological changes, keeping up the government regulations, and handling corporate restructuring, and downsizing, Human resource professional deals with areas such asEmployee recruitment and selection mathematical process paygradeCompensation and benefitsProfessional developmentSafety and healthForecastinglabor re lationsThe smooth version of HRM emphasizes the importance of high commitment, workplace information and novice leadership. Most normative HRM models, whether US or British, assert that the organizations Human Resource are valued assets, not a variable cost, and emphasize the commitment of employees as a source of competitive advantage (Legge, 1989) By contrast, the difficult version of HRM emphasizes the calculative, quantitative and strategic management aspects of managing the workforce in a balanced way (StoreHuman Resource Management Practices in Indian CompaniesHuman Resource Management Practices in Indian CompaniesAbstractConcepts associated with the resource-based view of the organization are increasingly finding their way into the strategic HRM debate. Human Resource consists of all the individual employees who contribute to the operations of an organization, whether they are employed fulltime, part-time, on a temporary or permanent basis. Human resource Management is more concerned with the people aspect in management.Since management involves getting activities completed well with the help of other people and every organization is made up of people, acquiring their services, developing their skills, motivating them to high levels of performance, and ensuring that they continue to maintain their commitments to the organization are essential to achieving organization are essential to achieving organizational objectives.This study examines how a developing country, and in particular, some selected Indian companies, construe Human Resource Management and whether it is used as a strategy in managing their organizations. It reflects on how organizations in India are influenced by variables that are different from those of their Western counterpart. In the process, this study analyses the meaning of Human Resource Management, the important of corporate culture and corporate strategy in shaping the organization.A questionnaire analysis of selected Indian c ompanies was carried out, enlightening patterns of similarity and differences arising in its organizations. Following analysis, it was found that India. Is still on the verge of change and is still not capable of fully motivating its people. The process of liberalization and globalization necessitates for focus on the big population and means to utilize it to its fullest potential.Therefore, unless development agencies, government and non-government organizations are involved to penetrate the human resource development strategies, its real benefits will not build up. Consequently, the execution of human resource management requires an insight in to the understanding of its importance to Indian organizations. Hence, the evolution of Indian approach to human resource management will depend on an increase in the applicability of the American, European and Japanese approach to human resource management implemented in these organizations.AcknowledgementChapter 1 Introduction1. Introducti on1.1 Main Theme of The TopicThe birth of the Strategic Human Resource Management (Strategic HRM) possibly took place less than 20 years ago with an article titled Human Resources Management A Strategic Perspective (Devanna, Fombrum, Tichy 1981). In such a short time, however, an explosion has occurred in writing and research on Strategic HRM. In 1996 both Academy of Management Journal and Industrial Relations devote special issues to the topic of HRM practices and firm performance and in 1997 International Journal of Human Resource Management presented a special issue on Strategic HRM and firm performance.The almost exponential growth of interest in understanding the strategic role that HRM can play in firm performance implies a mindset of more, more, more with regard to research on Strategic HRM. However, before we observe the basic call for more, more, more, perhaps we need to step back and reflect on where weve been, where we are, and where we need to be. Human Resource Managem ent (HRM) is a term that, throughout the 1980s and into the 1990s has become more and more known to managers and management students. But a decade of getting used to has done too little to clarify exactly what HRM is, where it differs from traditional Personnel Management, and how important it will be for the future.The growth of HRM as a body of management thought in the 1980s can be connected to a combination of socio-economic factors, in particular, changes in international contest, the reform of industrial sectors and organizations, and the rise of a improved confidence in the power of managers to manage. Under these conditions the contribution of human resources to the success of organizations has been emphasize through the champion of doctrines of brilliance, quality, innovation and entrepreneurship. These developments placed the management of people firmly on the agenda and created the conditions for the emergence of a new-style theory of Personnel Management, bearing the bra nd HRM.Perhaps, there is an clear uncertainty that HRM can, or ever could, live up to the wider claims of its power to so totally transform the employment relationship that some of the intrinsic problems of managing a unstable set of employee issues can be resolved more satisfactorily than by approaches that have grown out of the historical development of Personnel Management. In large part such a reaction can be explained in terms of the gulf that appears to be between Personnel Management on the ground and the rather more theoretical strategic nature of a great deal of the discussion surrounding Human Resource Management.For Managers, already worn out by the waves of change, coping with technical innovation and economic shifts, there is a need to develop the contest necessary to manage their working futures (Morgan, 1988). Not only do they need to understand the nature of these changes, but they need also to make on an international perspective in order to manage in different cult ures and with different customs. For many years there has been a general interest in the different production systems and management strategies adopted in Japan, the USA and Europe. Increasingly now attention is also focused on the people management systems, attempting to explain the differences in management technique and policies (Mansfield and Poole, 1981 Jacobs et al., 1987).There is therefore a need to understand how different cultures undertake Human Resource Management for what Doeringer (1981) calls pragmatic reasons. That is, because there are lessons to be learned from other cultures and we need to control for cultural influences when examining solutions. To this can be added the further realistic and critical reasons that managers must now carry out their skills and technique in multicultural context, and achieve objectives internationally.In advanced economies like the United Kingdom and the USA companies, confronted by the Japanese competition and employment strategies coupled with recession and search for excellence have tended to change from Personnel to Human Resource Management or better still strategic Human resource Management. However, there are questions regarding the extent to which this has happened in the developing countries. In answering this question, one must consider the fact that Human Resource Management methods in developing countries will be highly influenced by psycho-economic variables which are considerably different from western countries.Workers are not forced enough and there is not enough stress put on their training, development, participation and the like. Resources are usually directed to serve the ruling best, then to be unfocused towards finding means and methods for better education, health, and safety for the work force. Women in most developing countries are still treated improperly and there is a lot of power distance between the employer and employee. But the future of Human Resource in developing countries is not miserable, as countries like India have started reallocating their resources towards this department and structures and systems are being set up to facilitate this. The biggest challenge for the developing world is therefore, to convert its vast human resource into chance and take them along in their march into the future.1.2 Aims and objectivesAimsTo critically evaluate strategic Human Resource Management practices In Indian Companies.ObjectivesCritically assess and evaluate theories, concepts and models of SHRM given in the literature. To examine the nature of the context of HRM, the problematical nature of organizations in a developing country (like India). To examine the background to the growth of interest in India to HRM and the extent of HRM practice among Indian employers. To analyze the nature of the context of HRM, the problematical nature of organizations in a developing country (like India).Chapter 2 Research MethodologyResearch Design and MethodologyAs I have used a survey-questionnaire approach to gather data. The study is based on two stage sampling design. In the first step, Indian organizations were chosen randomly from the national capital region of India. In the second step, the organizations, top, middle and senior level managers in HR or who were line managers were randomly selected to fill in the questionnaires. From this sample of 40 managers a total of 12 questionnaires were filled in.A total of 28 questionnaires returned were either incomplete or the managers refused to oblige. The scope of the study has been limited to managers from the industries in the national capital region of India. The organizations from which the managers responded spanned the multinational companies. Research instruments Human Role Assessment Survey Questionnaire (Conner and Ulrich, 1996) was administered on the sample. Participants were asked to refer to the HR professionals in their business entity and rate the current quality of each activity.This study discusses the methodology and the approach that the researcher followed for the completion of this study. In order for the aims of the project to be fulfilled it is necessary to acquire knowledge of the practices of Human Resource Management within Indian Companies. The research was done with a phenomenological approach. It is so called because it is based on the way people experience social phenomena in the world that they live. This method has its own merits and demerits.On one hand it facilitate the understanding of how and why, it make possible for the researcher to be alive to the changes that occur during the research process, and this method is good for understanding social processes. On the other hand there are certain limitations such as, data collection can be time consuming, data analysis is difficult, and the research has to live with the hesitation that clear patterns may not emerge (Saunders, Lewis Thornhill, 1997). The snapshot view was taken for the companies being analyzed through questionnaires and the literature looked into the development of the HRM techniques through time in the developing countries with special emphasis on India.In order to talk to the objectives of the research, secondary information was collected from books, journals, magazines and newspapers, etc. the research tries to consider the performing areas upon which any form of strategic HRM depends, it describes the current state of the Human Resource Management and Personnel Management in India and tries to evaluate its level of operation to determine whether it is a strategic tool for shaping corporate strategy. This study is thus, descriptive as well as exploratory and concentrates more on qualitative approach. Basically there are two types of research methods, quantitative and qualitative.Quantitative research uses technique based on the principles of physical sciences. Statistical methods are used then to test fixed theory. Quantitative research is also prepared to pr ovide a linear progress from problem to solution. According to Smith (1988) the scientist spends time observing the actions and groups of people. Thus the researchers simply observe without making and value judgments after which the researcher explains the observed behavior.The qualitative data is based on meanings expressed through word. . It results in collection of non-standardized data that requires classification, and is analyzed through the use of conceptualization. Quantitative research then goes from observation to theory, then to testing. However, according to motley (1986) this order is often violated and studies are attacked because they do not follow the conventional chain of events.He goes on further to criticize studies for lacking a strong theoretical basis from which to operate. Yet, quantitative researchers fail to realize the position they put themselves in when they do this. Quantitative research however comes with advantages and disadvantages. Its main advantage is that it gives out quantifiable data, which needs to be generalized sometimes. Also, its greater weakness is that it does not account for human behavior, which is not quantifiable, but significant to find the objectives of the research.In compare, qualitative methods are entirely different, reluctant to more on analysis and are less prone to try and measure every aspect of the study. Qualitative research tends to produce rich intense data, relating to small numbers of people, as opposed to vast standardized data relating to large numbers. Qualitative studies are mainly about peoples subjective interpretations of complex situations. Burrell and Morgan (1979) call this the interpretive paradigm. There is little need to quantifying every detail in qualitative research because its not worried about prediction and control (Lindlof, 1995).Nonetheless, this does not mean that qualitative research is not practical. It includes the understanding of the researcher and the subjects of the re search. Researchers using the qualitative approach make systematic observations and work to say something meaningful about their chosen topic doing it in a particular way (Buttny, 1993). However, its arguable that qualitative methods are more effective when trying to research relationships between people in organizations (Walker, 1985 p.3)There was a limitation as qualitative data analysis is very monotonous and conclusion from such data is subject to debate and might be unfair by individuals viewpoint (Gill and Johnson, 1997). Questionnaires (appendix 1) were used for collecting the primary data from the companies. The company were selected in India random and questionnaires were sent to them to identify the extent to which Human Resource Management is practiced and its perceived usefulness in improving the efficiency of organizations.Despite, their difference research approaches qualitative and quantitative research seen to share similar characteristics. Both of them use a structu re which allows researchers to make performance. Furthermore, they both use interpretation to observe initial results of a course of research. However, qualitative differs greatly in relation to data gathering. Nevertheless, the analysis of qualitative data is highly personalized. Obviously the analysis of the researcher is extremely likely personalized. Obviously the analysis of the researcher is extremely likely to affect the outcome of the researcher. This raises the question of validity and reliability in qualitative research.The basis for these differences lies in the purpose of the research. Quantitative research is intended to be in charge of the topic being studied enabling the researcher to know the content of his or her data before it is even collected.Researchers undergoing qualitative approach of research do not worry with every measurable detail. Fundamentally, qualitative researchers seek to preserve the form and content of human behavior and analyze its qualities, rat her than subject it to mathematical or formal transformations (Lindlof, 1995). Basically, qualitative researchers strive for an agreement on phenomenon.According to Kaplan and Maxwell (1994) the goal for understanding a phenomenon from the point of view of the participants is largely lost when textual data is quantified. Thus its come be seen that qualitative methods rise above most of the shortcomings of quantitative methods. Qualitative research strives to bring depth to a phenomenon that quantitative methods lack.Collection of DataSecondary DataIn order to address the objectives of the research, secondary data was collected from books, journals, magazines, newspapers, embassies etc. Secondary data is information which has been collected, collated and analyzed by others for other purposes, while primary data is information collected as part of a particular research because it is considered relevant to the study and research problem (Ghauri et al, 199554-57, Riley et al 2000107).In addition, the following secondary sources that can also be important for any kind of research including the researchers study can also come in the form of Central and local government studies and reports, census reports, State budgets, rules on international trade regarding imports and exports, and policies on the foreign direct investment.Studies and reports of institutions and departments such as the central bureau of statistics, universities, telecommunications departments, marketing and other research institutes, chambers of commerce and foreign missions such as embassies, trade centers and consulates.Academic as well as organizational journals and newsletters pertinent to the problem area. In many countries, different branch organizations publish journals on statistics regarding their own industry, the development of a particular discipline or problem area. Textbooks and other published material directly or indirectly related to the problem area.And lastly, theses and reports written by other students in our own university and in other schools and universities are the best guide line for the student. Many schools keep an up-to-date record of all these written in different disciplines. This is perhaps the most important secondary source at the earlier stages of our research process. They provide us with insight not only into our problem area, but also into the other sources mentioned above.The reason for using secondary data is because its very advantageous in terms of saving time and money. It also not only helps me to prepare and understand the research problem better, but it also extends the base for which scientific conclusions can be drawn. Another advantage of consulting secondary data is that it suggests suitable methods or data to handle a particular research problem. According to Churchill (1987181) Do not bypass secondary data. Begin with secondary data, and only when the secondary data exhausted or show retreating returns, proceeds to primary d ata.In addition to secondary data, primary data is equally essential for more insight into the company being researched on. There are several choices regarding the means of collecting primary data. Usually, this includes observations which entails listening and watching other peoples behavior in a way that allows some type of analytical interpretation used to collect first-hand information in a natural setting to interpret and understand the observed behavior or situation more accurately surveys (questionnaires) and interviews which are the most popular data collection method in business studies.Primary DataThe researcher also collected primary data in addition to the secondary data in forms of case studies, unstructured interviews, and participant observation with few respondents. Other includes observations, surveys (questionnaires) and interviews by mail, phone, and personal contact. Surveys and questionnaires are the most popular data collection method in business studies.The mo st valid research method for the major part of the study was considered to be the interview. Interviews can be differentiated according to the level of structure and standardization adopted a structured interview being one where a predetermined and standardized or a formal set of questions is adhered to, an unstructured interview does not follow any prearranged process a semi-structured interview will normally contain an element of both.The advantage of a semi-structured interview is that it enables a disciplined approach to be taken without constraining or inhibiting the responses by the rigidity imposed by a totally structured interview (Elliott and Christopher 1973). Chisnall (1986) stressed that the interaction between the interviewer and the respondent contributes greatly to the success of the interviewer. The intellectual atmosphere of an interview is at least as important as the mechanics of the interview processes.However with this study, the researchers also focused on usin g questionnaires which are said to be descriptive and analytical as my form of primary data to gain information related to India , initially in Indian organization to identify the extent of which Human Resource Management is practiced and its perceived usefulness in improving the efficiency of Keane and other related organizations. An experience survey approach which is a qualitative information collection technique used in marketing was is a qualitative information collection technique used in marketing was in attempts to tap the knowledge and experience survey approach which is a qualitative information collection technique used in marketing was used in attempts to tap the knowledge and experience of those familiar with the general subject being investigated in addition to identifying the current phenomena.Surveys involve questions of some sort and are important for collecting peoples opinions and needs. It also helped the researcher acquire information quickly with relatively min imal expense and effort from a relatively large number of respondents. The qualitative research is often focused on social process. It is thus common in social and behavioral sciences and those who want to understand human behaviors and functions suitable for studying organizations, groups and individuals (Strauss and Corbin, 1990). Furthermore, descriptive surveys are often used to obtain consumer attitudes towards a certain product and to ascertain views and opinion of employees in an organization (Reeves and Harper, 1981).These surveys will thus help researchers understand the behavior of employees in regards to motivation, job satisfaction and grievances in relation to how human resource management is acknowledged in their company and their view towards HRM practices in India generally. However, in addition to helping the researcher with their study, surveys also help these various organizations understand the expectations and requirements of their customers as well as employees , develop service or product based on the standards as well as employees, develop service or product based on the standards of their required findings determine how well the organization are satisfying requirements both within the company and outside and finally establish goals and access how well to meet these goals.Special care was taken for designing the questionnaire questionnaire focus, questionnaire phraseology, the form of response, and question sequencing and overall presentation. Questionnaire were designed in order to gain an in depth knowledge of Human Resource activities in organizations and for a remedy of reality.There are factors which have limited to be unaware about the real meaning of Human resource Management and so most were not very co-operative, as they thought that allowing this type of research would identify some of their weaknesses, which would in turn threaten their competitiveness. The results of the questionnaire survey will be analyzed in depth, but it is important to first point some of the methodological problems that were faced during the course of this study.However, it is safe to note that the greatest drawback under the exploratory study lies where the findings may seem credible enough to be released incorrectly as conclusions. Further downside includes the tendency to extend the exploratory phase, and inadequate representation of diversity.A few problems arose during this research due to time and distance limit. As all the questionnaires were sent to various parts of India, the time was too short and limited for data gathering, the result of which led to the waiting for more replies from such companies. The distance makes it difficult to keep in touch with the companies in order to get a response, in terms of phone calls, which would be very expensive, and the postal questionnaires are very time consuming.Similarly, there were many companies which did not respond to the questionnaires, probably since they did not see Human Resource Management as an integral issue in organizational building and strategy. Thus was quite discouraging for study being carried out. Another probable reason could have been that the companies did not bother posting the questionnaire back at their own expense, or they might not have been able to understand the purpose of the study clearly just by looking at the questionnaire and thus they did not feel like responding.In order to minimize problems of this sort, it is important for the leaders of developing countries, like India, to become more involved and encourages managers of companies to contribute to the betterment of the Human Resource Management by actively participating in the studies like this. This is important as the research is not only academically viable but also potentially useful to them. It may also be necessary to extend the time allotted for this type of study.At the time of writing up this study, there was in fact a response from only companies, and thus the results from these companies can only be analyzed. The companies that responded were from small size, thus the result of this study may possibly be gender, at the companies were selected at random.Chapter 3 Literature Review Background TheoryLiterature ReviewBackground Theory3.1 IntroductionNowadays, it is a common belief in both the business and the academic world that the human resources of an organization can be a source of competitive advantage, provided that the policies for managing people are integrated with strategic business planning and organizational culture (Beer, Spector, Lawrence, Quinn, Mills, Walton, 1985).There is a incredible pressure to an organization to perform their duties properly with the rate of the rapid changes taking place. Accordingly organization change such as association, new ways of handing over works, high changing rate in workforce and employees capabilities and priorities is observe in the past.Human resource management has become a invasive and influential approach to the management of employment in a wide range of market economies. As a result, the analysis and evaluation of HRM have become major themes in academic, policy and practitioner literatures. Good human resource management entails recruiting and hiring the best employees and getting the most out of them through effective training and supervision. Human resource management helps in identifying key skills sets, knowledge and valued required in the employee. Through manpower planning the management determines its human resource needs and implements plans to address them.Any assessment of the emergence of Human Resource Management has, at least, to take account of this changing context of employment and provide some explanations as to the relationships that exits between the contribution HRM has made to some of these changes on the one hand and, on the other hand, the impact that such changes have had on the theory and practice of HRM itself. (Beardwell and Holden, 1994 5). An analysis of data relating to the question of a link between Strategic Human Resource Management (SHRM) and performance reveals there is uncertainty as to the direction of the link.Can better performing organizations attribute their good performance to the quality of their HRM or is the standard of their performance due to other factors? The quality of HRM might be an outcome of performance rather than a contributing factor to that performance. There are questions about the meaning of a strategic approach to HRM. What makes an organizations approach to HRM strategic and is there a satisfactory method of differentiating between an approach to HRM that might be considered strategic or one that is not seen to be strategic?As organization restructure, human resources tend to decrease in quantities but increase in quality and in their value to organizational effectiveness. Investing in the development of these valued resources make sense. Most of the companies in developing c ountries invest in new technology, new machinery, new plant to increase productivity because better models have been developed but we need to develop our own better models in human resource areaA strategy is a course of action. It shows how the enterprise will move from the business it is now to the business it wants to be in, given its opportunities and threats and its internal strength and weaknesses. Strategic human resource management means formulating and executing HR systems that produce the employee competencies and behaviors the company requires to achieve its strategic aims. The high-performance work system is designed to maximize the overall quality of human capital throughout the organization, and provides a set of benchmarks against which todays HR manager can compare the structure, content, and efficiency and effectiveness of his or her HR system.Increased in international competition due to newly emerging multinationals and divisional organization has given new scope o f management particularly Human Resource Management .India has also woken up to the reality that human resources management is key factor for the better performance of an organization . Its is an ultimate goal an ambition to organization to perform their duty perfectly can only seen in developed countries like UK and USA . The organizational change and development have become a part of working life.3.2 Meaning of Human Resource ManagementHR include all the individual employees who contribute to the operations of an organization in any means of form either temporary or permanent basis. (Thompson and Mabey ,1994) It process of getting work done with help of people in efficient manner . It includes planning ,organizing, leading and controlling to make work done till the end task. To manage an organization the common factor taken in consider are goal, limited resource and people.The basic infrastructure of any business is the human capital. Human resource management, therefore, is one o f the most important and recognized functions in the industry today. There is more pressure on HR to deliver, develop, and retain employees recognizing the importance of human capital. In todays world of technological advancement, human resource is the only factors, which differentiate the true potential of an organization.Human resource management is the process of coordinating an organizations human resources, or employees to meet organizational goals. Some of the challenges today in human resource management are maintaining a diverse workforce, dealing with major technological changes, keeping up the government regulations, and handling corporate restructuring, and downsizing, Human resource professional deals with areas such asEmployee recruitment and selectionPerformance evaluationCompensation and benefitsProfessional developmentSafety and healthForecastinglabor relationsThe smooth version of HRM emphasizes the importance of high commitment, workplace learning and enlightened l eadership. Most normative HRM models, whether US or British, assert that the organizations Human Resource are valued assets, not a variable cost, and emphasize the commitment of employees as a source of competitive advantage (Legge, 1989) By contrast, the difficult version of HRM emphasizes the calculative, quantitative and strategic management aspects of managing the workforce in a balanced way (Store